American Civil War Surrender at Appomattox

Having been forced from Petersburg on April 2, 1865, General Robert E. Lee retreated west with his Army of Northern Virginia. With his situation desperate, Lee sought to re-supply before moving south to North Carolina to join with General Joseph Johnston. Marching during the night of April 2 into  the morning of April 3, the Confederates intended to rendezvous at Amelia Court House where supplies and rations were expected. As Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant was forced to pause to occupy Petersburg and Richmond, Lee was able to put some space between the armies. Arriving at Amelia on April 4, Lee found trains loaded with munitions but none with food. Forced to pause, Lee sent out forage parties, asked the local populace for aid, and ordered food sent east from Danville along the railroad. Having secured Petersburg and Richmond, Grant pushed forward forces under Major General Philip Sheridan to pursue Lee. Moving west, Sheridans Cavalry Corps, and attached infantry fought several rearguard actions with the Confederates and road ahead in an effort to cut the railroad in front of Lee. Learning that Lee was concentrating at Amelia, he began moving his men towards the town. Disaster at Saylers Creek Having lost his lead on Grants men and believing his delay to be fatal, Lee departed Amelia on April 5 despite securing little food for his men. Retreating west along the railroad towards Jetersville, he soon found that Sheridans men had arrived there first. Stunned as this development precluded a direct march to North Carolina, Lee elected not to attack due to the late hour and instead conducted a night march to the north around the Union left with the goal of reaching Farmville where he believed supplies to be waiting. This movement was spotted around dawn and Union troops resumed their pursuit (Map). The next day, Lees army suffered a crushing reverse when elements were badly defeated at the Battle of Saylers Creek. The defeat saw him lose around a quarter of his army, as well as several generals, including Lieutenant General Richard Ewell. Seeing the survivors of the fight streaming west, Lee exclaimed, My God, has the army dissolved? Consolidating his men at Farmville early on April 7, Lee was able to partially re-provision his men before being forced out by early afternoon. Moving west, Lee hoped to reach supply trains that were waiting at Appomattox Station. Trapped This plan was dashed when Union cavalry under Major General George A. Custer arrived in the town and burned the trains. As Lees army concentrated at Appomattox Court House on April 8, Union cavalry assumed blocking positions on a ridge southwest of the town. Seeking to end the campaign, Grant had three infantry corps march through the night to be in a position to support the cavalry. Hoping to reach the railroad in Lynchburg, Lee met with his commanders on April 8 and decided to attack west the next morning with the goal of opening the road. At dawn on April 9, Major General John B. Gordons Second Corps began assaulting Sheridans cavalry. Pushing back the first line, their attack began to slow as they engaged the second. Reaching the crest of the ridge, Gordons men were discouraged to see the Union XXIV and V Corps deployed for battle. Unable to advance against these forces, Gordon informed Lee, Tell General Lee I have fought my corps to a frazzle, and I fear I can do nothing unless I am heavily supported by Longstreets corps. This was not possible as Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps was coming under attack by the Union II Corps. Grant Lee Meet With his army surrounded on three sides, Lee accepted the inevitable stating, Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths. While most of Lees officers favored surrender, others did not fear that it would lead to the end of the war. Lee also sought to prevent his army from melting away to fight on as guerrillas, a move that he felt would have long-term harm for the country. At 8:00 AM Lee rode out with three of his aides to make contact with Grant. Several hours of correspondence ensued which led to a ceasefire and a formal request from Lee to discuss surrender terms. The home of Wilmer McLean, whose house in Manassas had served as Confederate headquarters during the First Battle of Bull Run, was selected to host the negotiations. Lee arrived first, wearing his finest dress uniform and awaited Grant. The Union commander, who had been suffering a bad headache, arrived late, wearing a worn privates uniform with only his shoulder straps denoting his rank. Overcome by the emotion of the meeting, Grant had difficulty getting to the point, preferring to discuss his previous meeting with Lee during the Mexican-American War. Lee steering the conversation back to the surrender and Grant laid out his terms. Grants terms for the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia were as follows: I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate. One copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be parked and stacked and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside. In addition, Grant also offered to allow the Confederates to take home their horses and mules for use in the spring planting. Lee accepted Grants generous terms and the meeting ended. As Grant rode away from the McLean house, the Union troops began to cheer. Hearing them, Grant immediately ordered it stopped, stating he did not want his men exalting over their recently defeated foe. The Surrender The next day, Lee gave his men a farewell address and talks moved forward regarding the formal surrender ceremony. Though the Confederates wished to avoid such an event, it moved forward under the guidance of Major General Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. Led by Gordon, 27,805 Confederates marched to surrender two days later. During their procession, in a moving scene, Chamberlain ordered the Union troops to attention and carry arms as a sign of respect for the vanquished foe. This salute was returned by Gordon. With the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, other Confederate armies began to surrender around the South. While Johnston surrendered to Major General William T. Sherman on April 26, other Confederate commands remained operational until capitulating in May and June. Sources National Park Service: Appomattox Court HouseThe Battle of Appomattox Court HouseCWPT: Appomattox Court House

Tax Implications of E-Commerce in Nigeria - 4601 Words

ABSTRACT This paper examines the Tax Implications of E-Commerce. The issue of e-commerce and its tax implications continues to receive a high level of attention because of the fast growth of e-commerce activities. In the emerging global economy, e-commerce has increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations and those between and among organizations and individuals. Specifically, the use of ICT in business has enhanced productivity, encouraged greater customer participation, and enabled mass customization, besides reducing costs. Even before the†¦show more content†¦Countries might differ over where the presence of a facility, the location of customers, the passage of title or a number of other factors determines where the income arises. E-Commerce facilitates cross-border transactions and as a mechanism has particular relevance to international taxation. Consequently according to Li, Jinyan(2003) while e-commerce might not introduce any new problems, it is apparent that any problem already associated with an inability to synchronize or inter-relate a variety of disparate taxing systems became exacerbated by a model that facilitates the very types of transactions that result in such problems in the first instance. A fundamental change in existing tax rules does not appear to be requisite. However internet and e-commerce has increased the need for efficient and equitable tax treatments of firms operating in multiple tax jurisdictions. Current procedure used by most countries to allocate the tax base between jurisdictions and to avoid double taxation through a network of more than 1,500 bilateral double taxation treaties, is not only cumbersome, but will also come under increasing pressure as the scope and volume of cross border activities expand sharply. This is because the double taxation treaties are based on the assumption of national sovereignty in tax policy, which will become less relevant as globalization progresses. Most discussions with respect toShow MoreRelatedBusiness and Small Scale Industries9686 Words   |  39 PagesTHE ROLE OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Ayozie Daniel Ogechukwu, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria, The Federal Polyt echnic, Ogun State, Nigeria Abstract A business whether small or big, simple of complex, private or public is created to provide competitive prices. Business in Nigeria has been classified as small, medium and large. 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Outcome Blank Free Essays

Which song you would like today ? 2. Identify regulatory requirements what underpin a positive environment for children and young people. In my setting we working with different activities such as: We had two activities for mothers Samba and Yoga class every Wednesday besides Cryache services. We will write a custom essay sample on Outcome Blank or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cryache works with the child in two session: In the morning when the child arrive we do activities to be play and snack time, in the afternoon the child to learning Speech and Language assessment and remedial help, this activity we works with children +2 years old. Also we art therapy, dance and movement therapy, chronological therapy, safe space to families when mothers receive information about abuse or domestic violence. These activities we use regulatory’ ECMA and EYES with the children, in the other hand, the safe space in my setting work with CAR-SACS regulatory. Outcome 2 – Be able to support a positive environment that meets the individual needs of children and young people. Assessment Criteria 1 Meet and greet children and young people in a way that welcomes them onto the work setting. When the child arrive at centre one person open the door for him with your parent, then this person give welcome, ask open question, then when the parent living in the child, we star sing welcome song with the children where every child learning the names together. 2 Provide opportunities for children and young people to engage in activities of choice. In my setting we have AnD Space, when we offering therapeutic help for school children aged 4 to 13 years through, the use of art therapy and drama therapy. O Individual sessions Small group work 3 Provide activities and resources to meet the individual needs or children and young people. How to cite Outcome Blank, Papers

Outcome Blank Free Essays

Which song you would like today ? 2. Identify regulatory requirements what underpin a positive environment for children and young people. In my setting we working with different activities such as: We had two activities for mothers Samba and Yoga class every Wednesday besides Cryache services. We will write a custom essay sample on Outcome Blank or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cryache works with the child in two session: In the morning when the child arrive we do activities to be play and snack time, in the afternoon the child to learning Speech and Language assessment and remedial help, this activity we works with children +2 years old. Also we art therapy, dance and movement therapy, chronological therapy, safe space to families when mothers receive information about abuse or domestic violence. These activities we use regulatory’ ECMA and EYES with the children, in the other hand, the safe space in my setting work with CAR-SACS regulatory. Outcome 2 – Be able to support a positive environment that meets the individual needs of children and young people. Assessment Criteria 1 Meet and greet children and young people in a way that welcomes them onto the work setting. When the child arrive at centre one person open the door for him with your parent, then this person give welcome, ask open question, then when the parent living in the child, we star sing welcome song with the children where every child learning the names together. 2 Provide opportunities for children and young people to engage in activities of choice. In my setting we have AnD Space, when we offering therapeutic help for school children aged 4 to 13 years through, the use of art therapy and drama therapy. O Individual sessions Small group work 3 Provide activities and resources to meet the individual needs or children and young people. How to cite Outcome Blank, Papers

ICT Classical Ethical Issues

Question: Write about theICT Classical Ethical Issues. Answer: Introduction An ethical is a situation or problem that needs a person or an organization to make a choice between alternatives that have to be evaluated as right or wrong (Rogerson, 2011). ICT has numerous ethical issues that exist within the industry. Different people through various theories that one should use to arrive at the right choice or decision explain these ethical issues. One of the main ethical issues in the ICT is the ICT professionalism. Professionalism is said to be the way a person conducts himself or herself when at the workplace. In ICT, an individual who shows concern and treats other people with respect is said to be committed to professionalism same to a person who keeps his or her work, goes beyond expectations and is loyal. Ethical issue; ICT Professionalism and Ethical Theories ICT professionals such as system administrators in a conference in the US were asked if they damage the image of the organization were each person operated upon being sacked. Most of them said that they would. This should be an exceptional case for ICT professionals because for one to be qualified in the ICT field, he or she has to observe the ethical responsibilities. People in different organizations working under the ICT department may overreact due to some things that the organization does to them. The organization could be forced to sack ICT professionals when they are not delivering quality services and bring in other professionals who lack essential ethical conduct but deliver quality results (Kerr Wiseman, 2013). This may be forced where an organization observes the utilitarianism theory. The utilitarianism theory is keen to achieve results without following the necessarily laid rules. Being result oriented the organization may end up not comparing the ethical and unethical professionalism of the people they absorb. This act by organizations raises questions whether that is the right thing to do. Ethically, this would be a wrong call for an organization to make because it should be in front line in ensuring that ethical conducts are observed to the later (Kim Han, 2011). The company managers should treat the other senior staff, employees, vendors, customers and other people in the organization with respect. This will be a credit to them because they will be demonstrating professionalism. Other ways that they can shoe respect would be the use of appropriate tone and words when communicating and maintaining a calm demeanor even when people act with anger. As ICT continues to reclaim an increasing role in our lives, the way that the ICT professionals conduct themselves is proportional to higher scrutiny. For one to claim to be legitimate professional in ICT, he or she should not only operate within the bounds of the law but surpass it and conduct themselves responsibly and observe essential ethics at all times. This would be constituted by the social contract theory, which prompts people to conduct themselves unethically because the law protects them, and no one can criticize their code of ethics (Himma Canellopoulou-Bottis, M2012). ICT professionals who do not observe ethical conduct might opt to carry out while violating the moral conduct of an organization. For instance, an ICT administrator may opt to use the organization's computer to access his Twitter account during his free time. Would this be termed as unethical conduct? The deontology theory comes into play in such a situation. Where the company observes this theory, the ICT administrator would be condemned for his or her actions. The deontology theory states that having a moral intent and observing the organization rules is most crucial ethical conduct compared to the results that the administrator can deliver (Jones, 2016). Deontological theory helps in rectifying ICT professionals who would think that they cannot be conducted for their conduct because they are highly qualified and depended on by the organization. The ACS code of ethics provides a platform for both its members and for the other ICT practitioners who prefer professional standards. The code of ethics has six principles that ICT professionals should observe: prioritizing of public interest, honesty, enhancing a quality life, competence; professionalism and professional development. These principles do not only stand for the requirements of the law, but also need put into consideration potential consequences of how technology is used in an organization or the society. The principles need ICT professionals to not only observe and put in place expected standards of competence, honesty and practices but also change the inappropriate or unethical use of technology (Quigley, 2011). The emergence of huge data, social media and cloud computing, technology presents organizations with new and faster methods to get information and carry out business activities. Ethical conducts demand ICT professionals put into consideration the implication s of their acts on staff, customers, and others. This is viewed through the virtue theory, which lays its emphasis on the value of the moral qualities rather than formal rules or results. An ICT professional who considers virtue theory is likely to care about what the other people feels because of his actions (Stahl, 2011). For instance, Facebook was mainly condemned by policy makers and the society a year back when it opened up that it had put over half a million users under experimentation that interpreted content feeds to determine the impact on how different people emotions would be. The fact that the users were not informed of this act of being manipulated in such a way, the study invaded people's privacy hence breaching the ethical practices for informed user consent. Technology is developing so fast in a manner that the law framework lags behind typically when it comes to the provision of clear and definitive rules on how emerging capabilities can be used. This poses a challenge to ICT professionals to come up with ways that they can curb such capabilities from interfering the functionality of their organizations (Daz Andrade Urquhart, 2010). ICT professionals have a load of ensuring that the ICT department, which provides the guidelines on how activities will be coordinated, observes classical ethical theories and will the entire organization. Recommendations Ethics should stand in where the law does not exist. ICT professionals must be the first when it comes to consideration of the ethical implications of technology and Make sure that no one affected negatively by their efforts. Organizations should consider putting ICT professionals under keen probation before employing them in their institution. This would provide enough time to know the kind of people organizations employ so that they may not use the office computers for their benefits or say negative things about the organization when their contracts end or terminated. Conclusion As seen from the conference that many ICT professionals said they would damage their organization's name upon being sacked, it is evident that many people though being qualified to work in certain fields do not have the zeal to observe classical ethics. In addition, companies may at times overlook employing people who have good virtues and good code of conduct and take in people without the classical ethics just because they can deliver most proficient services. This should not be the case because such people are untrustworthy and may end up tarnishing the name of the organization in case of any misunderstanding. References Alvarez, S. A., Barney, J. B., McBride, R., Wuebker, R. (2014). Realism in the study of entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 39(2), 227-231. Avgerou, C. (2010). Discourses on ICT and development. Information Technologies International Development, 6(3), pp-1. Daz Andrade, A., Urquhart, C. (2010). The affordances of actor-network theory in ICT for development research. Information Technology People, 23(4), 352-374. Himma, K. E., Canellopoulou-Bottis, M. (2012). Digital technologies and the obligation to alleviate poverty: The digital divide, information gap and two forms of poverty. Jones, S. (2016). Doing the right thing: computer ethics pedagogy revisited. Journal of Information, Communication, and Ethics in Society, 14(1), 33-48. Kerr, P., Wiseman, G. (Eds.). (2013). Diplomacy in a globalizing world: theories and practices (p. 123). New York: Oxford University Press. Kim, B., Han, I. (2011). The role of utilitarian and hedonic values and their antecedents in a mobile data service environment. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(3), 2311-2318. Stahl, B. C. (2011). Teaching ethical reflexivity in information systems: How to equip students to deal with moral and ethical issues of emerging information and communication technologies. Journal of Information Systems Education, 22(3), 253. Rogerson, S. (2011). Ethics and ICT. Quigley, M. (Ed.). (2011). ICT Ethics and Security in the 21st Century: New Developments and Applications: New Developments and Applications. IGI Global.