The Impact of Globalization on Poverty Essay -- Outsourcing, Offshorin

globalisation has helped raise the standard of living for many multitude planetary. It has also, however, driven many deeper into poverty. Sm whole businesses and third world countries ar not capable of updating their technology as often as their larger, wealthier counterparts. Unable to manage with multinational firms and wealthy nations, small businesses and third world countries and forced to do business locally, never growing and reaching their full potential.Technological advances are make daily throughout the world. However, it is expensive to rapidly make and transport these advances globally. This high production cost causes the consumers price to be unnecessarily high. Today, there are many countries in the world that cannot afford to pay such a high price for the latest technology, and by the time they can afford to pay, newer, much advanced technology exists. The democratization of technology benefits mainly the wealthier countries.Technological advances not o nly benefit wealthy countries, but also wealthier companies. Technological advancements allow countries and their companies worldwide publicity when they are successful. Because investors are able to easily invest on the net, on the telephone, and through facsimile machines, the profits of companies have increased greatly. Currency traders all over the world have also been able to update exchange rates and notify the public of the updates more rapidly. This has led to more desire to fall deals because companies are able to be sure that they are receiving competitive exchange rates. Swissair, an airline based in Switzerland, even moved its entire accounting division from Switzerland to India simply because the accountants in India are among the best in the world. They were able to do this because all of the information from their new office halfway around the world was familial through the use of technologically advanced devices. Because labor is cheaper and the workers are more skilled in India, the company benefited in two ways. For the same reasons as in India, Thailand has moved from being primarily a rice-producing nation, to the worlds second largest producer of pickup trucks and fourth largest producer of motorcycles (Solbrig).As far back as the invention of the telephone, the countries with the best economies were the most technologically advanced. ... ...Claas van der Linde. Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives. (Fall 2009) pp. 97-118.Solbrig, O. T. et al. Globalization and Technology. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2014.Tietenberg, Thomas. Globalization Economics. Addison Wesley New York, 2011. pp. 561. pp. 7-11.Internet Sources Consulted Globalization. - National Geographic Education. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 14 May 2015. LONDON. When Did Globalisation Start? The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 23 Sept. 2013. Web. 15 May 2015.Globalization. Defination & Example. Investing Answers, 2001-2014. Web. 15 May 2015.Olivero, Tina. Globalization Understanding the Impact of Globalization on Our World. Global Oil and Gas Industry News. 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 May 2015.Ager, soak. Collative Learning - Rob Ager. Collative Learning - Rob Ager. N.p., 2007. Web. 22 May 2015.Collins, Mike. The Pros And Cons Of Globalization. Manufacturing . Net. Saving American Manufacturing, 28 June 2010. Web. 26 May 2015.Fitzpatrick, Liam. The Best of Asia. Time. Time Inc., 27 Apr. 2007. Web. 26 May 2015.

Wicca Essays -- essays research papers

Wicca/WitchcraftWicca is an Old English word that means The Wise Ones or Keepers of Knowledge. Wicca is one of the most superannuated followings. Wicca is a Neo-Pagan following with many traditions that date to pre-Christian times. It is ground on a deep respect for nature and the knowledge that we should not exploit it for our own gain. Wicca is not recognized as a religion by anyone other than its followers. Wicca is not a cult. Many Wiccans are independent and worship on their own or with a group of Wiccans, but they do not follow any one person. There are many types of Wicca, as many as 13 different traditions have been founded. One of the oldest unchanged traditions is the Strega Witchcraft. A witch named Aradia founded this tradition about 1353 CE. Two other large traditions include Gardnerian and Celtic forms. The Gardnerian tradition is based on the works of Dr. Gerald Brosseau Gardner. He researched much of the history of witchcraft and wrote The Book of Shadows with that knowledge. The Book of Shadows is used as the basis for ritual practice in the Gardnerian tradition. The Celtic Wicca is also a very old form. It is based on Celtic/Druidic practices and uses many of the Celtic deities, elements, and nature. Wiccans believe that both animate and inanimate objects possess a spirit, which forms part of the Whole, or The Cosmic Web. The term spirit does not mean ghost, it means that which links something to nature so that it is rec...

Media Advertising - Colgate Advertising Strategies Over the Years Essay

A Look at Colgate Advertising Strategies Over the daysTo be, or not to be? This is the question that plagues companies every year. The business is one of survival- survival of the fittest. Companies around the world are constantly scattering about, developing spic-and-span weapons in nuclear advertisement. Having looked back at old strategies, it is interesting to see the strategies that worked have lasted over time. Since the April 5, 1937 edition of LIFE magazine, Colgates advertisements have evolved to appeal to different audiences as seen in another ad in the January 1985 edition of LIFE. Though targeting different audiences over the past fifty years, Colgate has kept many of their original advertising strategies, just now has changed their approach by introducing children as subject matter, leading parents to respond to the ad with their children in mind.A sort of sex appeal is visible in the 1950s commercial, in the first place focusing on the fun that a man and a women can have if they both were to have nice breath. The Colgate advertisement in the fifties is concentrate towards an adult audience who are single and looking for ways of traceing the opposite sex. All the characters are portrayed as clean, single people. Ray, the man in the ad, seems to be a business man, though not the type to be swimming in money. Colgate wanted every man to be able to identify with Ray, and so placed him in what would probably have been the largest economic group. Not only would this allow the men in the audience to identify with the situation, but it would also attract the middle class and make it easier for them to relate and become involved with the ad as well. In the Colgate advertisement of the eighties, a question could be raised in contrast to... ...e the sweetheart is an average American, the ad forces the reader into a group- such as you are a mom, or one of those that love the taste- which gives reason for the viewer to by the product. Ultimately, Colga te has always tried to make their advertisements in a way that stops the reader from flipping the page by capturing his interest. Strategies used by Colgate in the fifties can be seen in the ad of the eighties, though the subject matter has changed and some of the strategies have become extinct. This subject matter, which includes the children from the eighties, became a very important chemical element in appealing to the audience. Likewise, the subject matter from the fifties, including the sex appeal, was probably very effective in that day. Because times have changed, neither of the ads would have fit in the others time, and would likewise probably not work in 1997.

A Separate Peace: Three Symbols :: essays research papers

A Separate Peace Three Symbols     The three dichotomous symbols in A Separate Peace by John K presentlylesreinforce the innocence and evil of the main characters, Finny and cistron. Besidethe Devon School flow devil rivers on opposite sides of the schooling, the Naguamsettand the Devon. The Devon provides fun and happiness for Gene andFinny as they jump from the tree into the river and hold initiations into theSuper Suicide order of magnitude of the Summer Session. Finny, Gene, and their friends usethe Devons warm water to play in during the carefree summer session. The Devonbrings out Finnys carefree character and personality when he jumps from thelimbs of the tree. Not one Upper Middler in Devon has ever jumped from thetree Finny becomes the first. After surfacing, Finny says that leap fromthe tree causes the most fun he has had in weeks. However, the Naguamsett andthe Devon completely contrast. When Gene and Finny emerge from the Devon, theyfeel clean an d refreshed. However, Gene describes the Naguamsett as "ugly,saline, fringed with marsh, mud and seaweed" (68). When Gene starts a fightwith Quackenbush and falls into the Naguamsett because Quackenbush calls Gene "amaimed son-of-a-bitch," Gene surfaces from the Naguamsett feeling grimy, dirtyand in desperate need of a bath (71). more than like the clean, refreshing water ofthe Devon and the ugly saline water of the Naguamsett, Genes carefree attitudeof the summer session vastly differs from the angry, confused attitude of the spend session.     Likewise, the two sessions, the summer and winter, give a differentsense of feeling toward school and life at Devon School. The summer sessionallows Finny to use his creativity. Finny invents blitzball and founds theSuper Suicide Society of the Summer Session. The students let their carefreeattitudes flow during the summer. Finny and Gene willingly break the rules tohave fun during the summer by skipping class and going to the beach. Finny alsowears the school tie as a belt to the traditional term tea. Gene feels thatFinny cannot leave the room without being disciplined, but Finny manages to talkhis way out of the mess. However, the winter session causes a sense ofstrictness. The sermons now exhort the thought of "what we owe Devon," but inthe summer the students think of "what Devon owes us" (65). The masters andclass leaders try to enforce continuity, but Gene realizes that resurrecting thesummer session becomes impossible. Finny is not in school, no longer shall thestudents have their carefree attitudes, and the class officials and masters now

Use of a Portfolio to Assess Students in Math and Science Essay

Use of a Portfolio to Assess Students in Math and Science For a young child, going off to school can be an affright experience. Thoughts of whether the other children will like them, if they will have enough money to buy an ice cream at lunch, or if they will have homework that night overwhelms their minds. However, a major part of schooling is testing, and many children freeze when they hear that word. Think about yourself in a testing situation past imagine what it is like for a young child to feel this defeating anxiety. That is why I am informing you, as fellow committee members, teachers, and learners alike, of these ideas for prizeing children in math and science. I hope you will all take the time to think about these different methods, and possibly agree on a way to assess our children in the classroom, and eventually present these ideas to the school board to be voted on. As teachers of math and science, we need to stop and ask ourselves what it is we argon ho ping to accomplish in our classroom. Is it well-nigh important for the child to get the right act, or are we more concerned with how he or she gets the answer? Granted, we are striving for the correct answer, alone sometimes numbers are added incorrectly, data is written down wrong, or a childs handwriting is misread. Personally, I feel it is the process the student parts to get to the answer which is important, whether it is right or wrong. Because the intent of a new model of assessment is to assess the creation of knowledge and the processes involved rather than to measure the extent to which students have acquired a coverage of the field of mathematics, a much wider variety of measures, many of them qualitative, are needed (Bright & Jo... ...f our students in math and science. I feel very passionately for the use of a portfolio, because I feel the students will feel they have more of a say in their education. After all, we all need to work together, because we are all part of a team, the same team. References Bright, G.W. & Joyner, J.M. (1998). Classroom assessment in mathematics. New York University of America, Inc. Christofi, C. (1988). Assessment & profiling in science. London Cassell. Cutler, C.S. & Monroe, E.E. (1999, Summer). Contemporary education. What are you learning, truncheon Boy, Billy Boy?the diary of a teachers incorporation of portfolios into mathematics instruction, 70, 52-55. Kulm, G. (1994). Mathematics assessment. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Romberg, T.A. (1992). Mathematics assessment and evaluation. Albany State University of New York Press.

Expanding the FMLA in CAlifornia Essay -- essays research papers

Problem Identification Every day in California, instituteing men and women face conflicts between their work responsibilities and their families. In order to work they must make arrangements for their peasantren and elderly family members who need assistance. They address these conflicts through a variety of child-care, after-school, and eldercare arrangements. But sometimes when a child is seriously ill, an aging parents health deteriorates suddenly, or a baby is born or adopted, these daily arrangements are no longer adequate. At such times of family need, an employee simply must take time off from work because no alternative care arrangements will do. That is why in 1993, copulation passed the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which was the first national policy designed to help working people labyrinthine sense their work and family responsibilities. It guarantees that people who work for companies with to a greater extent than 50 employees bay window take up to 12 weeks non-paying leave a year to care for a newborn or newly-adopted child or for certain seriously ill family members, or to recover from their own serious health conditions. Unfortunately, taking unpaid family leave is a luxury most Californians can not afford, so new mandates must be instituted to help insure that our states families can have a healthy and affordable balance between work and family responsibilities. Many convocations have different views on how this issue should be resolved and that is why I have chosen to use the group theory to explain this problem. There are three workable resolutions that I have chosen to discuss expanding the FMLA to cover businesses with 25-49 employees, expanding the use of sick leave, and expanding the State jury-rigged Disability Insurance (TDI) Program to provide partial wage replacement to employees who are on parental leave. Search For Solutions The first possible solution was organize when it came to public attention that many caregiv ers couldnt afford to take unpaid family leave due to the laws restrictions. In a national survey it was discovered that well-nigh two-thirds of employees who needed but did not take family or medical leave because they could not afford it. In addition, almost one in ten FMLA leave-takers was squeeze to turn to public assistance to help cover the wages they lost as a result of taking family or medical leave. As if the unpaid restrictions werent enough, it tu... ...on(actual 1990 expenditure)Number of Employees cover by TDI11.1 million (1989) Eligibility Requirements for unseasoned BenefitsEmployees must be eligible for state disability insuranceLength of Absence Covered12 weeksPurposes of Absence Covered Care for newborn or newly adopted children Care for ill parents, children or spousesEstimated Number of Leave-takers Likely to Use New Benefits619,250Average Weekly Benefit$102.82-193.57 Estimated Length of Leave5-10 weeks Estimated Total Annual Cost of Expanding TDI to Include F amily Leave$835 millionNew Cost as a Percentage of Total Program34 percentAverage Cost Per Covered Worker$6.27 / month$1.45 / week So by reviewing the data it seems presumptive that expanding the SDI to include family leave would be a feasible and logical solution that most Californians and politicians would stand behind and implement.

Comparing Schools Essay

This report earmarks advice on the collection and insurance coverage of disciplineho white plagueing somewhat the performances of Australian aims. The focus is on the collection of nation aloney comparable to(predicate) info. Two mappings ar envisaged use by education authorities and governments to monitor indoctrinate performances and, in particular, to invest give instructions that atomic number 18 playing unusually comfortably or unusually poorly given their circumstances and use by parents/caregivers and the public to make informed pronouncements more or less, and meaty comparisons of, schools and their offerings.Our advice is based on a critical review of fresh Australian and international research and experience in account on the performances of schools. This is an area of educational example in which thither have been many recent developments, much debate and a growing body of relevant research. Our work is border by recent agreements of the Counci l of Australian Governments (COAG), in particular, at its meeting on 29 November 2008C OAG agreed that the new Australian Curriculum, Assessment and reportage Authority impart be supplied with the schooling necessary to enable it to publish relevant, across the country-comparable teaching on all schools to support accountability, school evaluation, collaborative policy development and resource allocation. The Authority give provide the public with schooling on to each one school in Australia that includes culture on each schools performance, including national testing results and school attainment rates,the indicators relevant to the take ons of the pupil population and the schools capacity including the numbers and qualifications of its teaching staff and its resources. The publication of this entropy will accept comparison of like schools (that is, schools with similar student populations across the nation) and comparison of a school with new(prenominal)wise schools in their local community. (COAG Meeting Outcomes) Our work also has been framed by the recently endorsed MCEETYA Principles for Reporting study on Schooling (see Section 1. 4).Before summarising our specific recommendations, in that respect are some general conclusions that we have reached from our review of international research and experience. The specific recommendations that follow are best chthonianstood in the context of these general conclusions Vigilance is undeniable to ensure that across the country comparable info on exclusive schools does not have the unintended consequence of focusing attention on some aspects of the purposes of schooling at the expense of other outcomes that are as important but not as easily measurable.Parents/caregivers and the public are interested in a broad range of teaching approximately schools, and nationally comparable selective information should be reported in the context of this broader information. Although it has become popular in education systems in some other parts of the world to use statistical models to develop measures of school performance and to report these measures publicly in league tables, we believe that there are really v Reporting and study School Performancessound technical and educational reasons why school measures of this kind should not be used for public reportage and school comparisons. Related to this point, we are not convinced of the nourish of reporting adjusted measures of student outcomes publicly. Measures of student outcomes should be reported without adjustment. To enable the comparison of maladjusted student outcomes across schools, we believe that a like-schools methodology should be used. This methodology would allow parents/caregivers, the public, and education systems to compare outcomes for schools in similar circumstances. While point-in-time measures of student outcomes a good deal are useable, it is difficult to establish the contributions that teachers and schools make to point-in-time outcomes. In general, measures of student gain/growth across the historic period of school provide a more useful basis for making judgements about the value that schools are adding. Measures of gain/growth are most appropriately based on measurement scales that can be used to monitor student further across the years of school. The NAPLAN measurement scales are an example and provide educational entropy superior to that available in most other countries.Consideration should be given to developing national measurement scales for early literacy learning and in some subjects of the national curriculum. Initially reporting should build on the understandings that parents and the public have already developed. For example a schools NAPLAN results should be reported in forms that are consistent with authorized NAPLAN reports for students. Although much work needs to be done in defining the most appropriate measures, the principle should be to build on th e representations of data that are already familiar to people.RecommendationsOur report makes the following specific recommendations student outcome measures across the country comparable data should be stack away on the literacy and numeracy skills of students in each school, using NAPLAN (Years 3, 5, 7 and 9). Nationally comparable data should be collected on the tertiary entrance results of students in each senior(a) secondary school. These data could be reported as the percentage of students achieving tertiary entrance ranks of 60 or in a higher place, 70 or above, 80 or above, and 90 or above (calculated as a percentage of the students achieving tertiary entrance ranks). Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each senior secondary school completing Year 12 or equivalent the percentage of students applying to all forms of post-school education and the percentage of students completing VET studies. vi Reporting and Comparing School Performances Nationally comparable data should be collected on the achievements of students in core national curriculum subjects (English, maths, science and history), beginning in 2010. National assessments could be developed initially at Year 10. Nationally comparable data should be collected on the early literacy learning of infantren in each primary school. These assessments will need to be developed and should be administered upon entry to school and used as a baseline for monitoring progress across the first few years of school. physical and sympathetic resources Nationally comparable data should be collected about sources and fares of funding received by each school, including all income to the school from State and Commonwealth governments, as well as details of fees payable by parents, including those that are mandatory and any volunteer(prenominal) levies that parents are expected to pay. Nationally comparable data should be collected on the numbers and qualificatio ns of teaching staff in each school. Basic data would include academic qualifications, details of pre-service teacher education, and details of any advanced certification (eg, Advanced Skills Teacher Level 3 Teacher). student in run characteristics Nationally comparable data should be collected on the socio-economic backgrounds of students in each school. entropy should be based on information collected at the private student level, using at least parental occupation and, possibly, parental education levels, under the agreed MCEETYA definitions. Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each school of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander background under the agreed MCEETYA definition. Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each school identified as having a oral communication background other than English (LBOTE) under the agreed MCEETYA definition. Nationally comparable data should be collected on the geo-location of each school using a 3-category scale metropolitan, provincial, and remote. Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each school with special educational needs. A nationally agreed definition of this category will need to be developed. like-school comparisons In reporting student outcome data for a school, data for like-schools should be provided as a point of comparison. Like-schools will be schools in similar circumstances and facing similar challenges. In determining like-schools, account should be taken of the percentage of students with Indigenous backgrounds, the socio-economic backgrounds of the students in the school, and the percentage of students from language backgrounds other than English. vii Reporting and Comparing School Performances For each school separately, like-schools should be identified as the schools most similar to that school on the above characteristics (rather than pre-defining a limited numb er of like-school categories). Work should commence as soon as possible on the development of an appropriate like-schools methodology. public reporting For the purpose of providing public information about schools, a common national website should be used to provide parents/caregivers and the public with approach shot to rich information about single(a) schools. The national website should provide information about each schools programs, philosophies, value and purposes, provided by the school itself, as well as nationally comparable data, provided centrally. Nationally comparable student outcome data should, wherever possible, provide information about current levels of attainment (ie, term), gain/growth across the years of school, and improvement in a school over time. The complete database for each state/ land should be do available to the relevant state/territory departments of education and other employing authorities, enabling them to interrogate data for their schools and to make judgments about school performances using aggregated data and national summary statistics. We believe that more or less all nationally comparable data collected centrally could be reported publicly.The exceptions would arise when the public reporting of data whitethorn have veto and unintended consequences for schools. For example, we can envisage negative consequences arising from the reporting of the socio-economic backgrounds of students in a school, or of the financial circumstances of struggling, modest schools (both government and non-government). We also believe that data reported publicly should be factual data about a school, and not the results of secondary analyses and interpretations that are open to debate (eg, value-added measures).viii Reporting and Comparing School Performances 1. INTRODUCTION In education, good decision making is facilitated by access to relevant, reliable and timely information. Dependable information is required at all levels of ed ucational decision making to detect areas of deficiency and special need, to monitor progress towards goals, to prise the in effect(p)ness of special interventions and initiatives, and to make decisions in the best interests of individual learners.The focus of thispaper is on the provision and use of information about individual schools. The starting point is the observation that relevant and reliable information about schools is required by a range of decision makers including parents and caregivers, school principals and school leadershiphip teams, system managers and governments, and the general public all of whom require dependable information that they can use to maximise opportunities and outcomes for students.1. 1 Audiences and PurposesParents and caregivers require valid and reliable information to label the quality of the education their children are receiving, to make informed decisions in the best interests of individual students, and to become active partners in t heir childrens learning. They require dependable information about the progress individuals have made (the knowledge, skills and understandings developed finished instruction), about teachers plans for future learning, and about what they can do to assist.There is also considerable evidence that parents and caregivers want information about how their children are performing in comparison with other children of the same age. And, if they are to make judgements about the quality of the education their children are receiving, they require information that enables meaningful comparisons across schools. School leaders require reliable information on student and school performances for effective school management.Research into factors underpinning schooleffectuality highlights the importance of the school leaders role in establishing an environment in which student learning is accorded a central focus, and goals for improved performance are developed collaboratively by staff with a commi tment to achieving them. School managers require dependable pictures of how well students in a school are performing, both with respect to school goals for improvement and with respect to onetime(prenominal) achievements and achievements in other, comparable schools.Governments and system managers require dependable information on the performance and progress of individual schools if they are to exercise their responsibilities for the delivery of quality education to all students. Effective management depends on an ability to monitor system-wide and school performances over time, to gauge the effectiveness of special programs and targeted resource allocations, to monitor the impact of policies, and to evaluate the success of initiatives aimed at traditionally disadvantaged and underachieving sections of the student population.Accurate, reliable information allows system managers to measure progress against past performances, to identify schools and issues requiring special attentio n, to target resources appropriately, and to bent goals for future improvement. 1 Reporting and Comparing School Performances 1. 2 Forms of breeding Because there are multiple audiences and purposes for information about schools, the forms of information required for effective decision making are different for different stakeholders.Parents and caregivers require a wide range of information, including information relating to their immediate needs (eg, Is the school easily sociable by public transport? Does it have an after-school program? What fees and/or levies does it charge? ) the ethos of the school (eg, What evidence is there of bullying/harassment? What are the espoused values of the school? Do students wear uniforms? What level of discipline is imposed? Who is the principal? ) their childs probable educational experience (eg, Who will be my childs teacher next year? Will they be in a composite class?How bountiful will the class be? Does the school have a literacy interven tion program? What extra-curricular activities are provided? ) and the schools educational results (eg, Does the school achieve outstanding Year 12 results? ). School leaders require other forms of information, including information relating to staffing and resources (eg, What resources are available for music next year?How many beginning children have special learning needs? ) the effectiveness of initiatives (eg, Is there any evidence that the extra class time allocated to literacy this year made a difference?) and academic results (eg, How many Year 5 students did not meet the minimum performance standard in Reading?Have our results improved since last year? Are we still below the state bonny? How did last years Year 12 results compare with those of the neighbouring school? ). System managers and governments require still other forms of information, including information to monitor system-wide trends over time, to evaluate the effectiveness of attempts to raise standards and clo se gaps, and to identify schools that are performing unusually well or unusually poorly given their circumstances.In general, the schoollevel information required by system managers and governments is less fine-grained than the information required by parents, teachers and school leaders. protrude 1 displays schematically various forms of information that could be made available about a school, either publicly or to specific audiences (eg, system managers). The forms of evidence represented in rule 1 are A student outcome measures that a school could choose to report Most schools report a wide range of information about the achievements of their students to their school communities.This information is reported in school newsletters, local and community newspapers, school websites, and at school events. The information includes details of Year 12 results, analyses of postschool destinations, results in national mathematics and science competitions, language certificates, awards, pr izes, extra-curricular achievements, community recognition, and so on. Most schools take every opportunity to celebrate the achievements of their students and to announce these achievements publicly. 2 Reporting and Comparing School Performances Figure 1.Forms of information that could be made available about a school Ba sub-set of student outcome measures on which it is agreed to collect nationally comparable data Within the set of student outcome information that might be reported for a school, there could be a sub-set of outcomes on which it was agreed to collect nationally comparable data.A reason for identifying such a sub-set would be to ensure some common measures to facilitate school comparisons at heart a local geographical area, across an entire education system, nationally, or within a group of like schools. Inevitably, nationally comparable data would be collected for only some of the outcomes that schools, parents and communities value.Performances on common literacy and numeracy tests in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 are an example of nationally comparable data before long in this category. C. physical and human resources measures that a school could choose to report Schools provide information in various forms and to various audiences about their physical and human resources. Information of this kind includes details of staff qualifications and teaching experience, staff turnover rates, school global budgets, computers and other technology, newly constructed facilities, bequests, results of fundraising drives, and so on.Some of this information may be reported to the school community some may be kept confidential to the school, education system or government departments. D a sub-set of physical and human resources measures on which it is agreed to collect nationally comparable data Within the set of physical and human resources measures reported for a school, there could be a sub-set of measures on which it was agreed to collect nationally comparable d ata.For example, there have been recent calls for greater consistency and transparency in the reporting of school funding arrangements (Dowling, 2007 2008) and for more consistent national approaches to assessing and recognising teacher quality (Dinham, et al, 2008). 3 Reporting and Comparing School Performances E. student intake measures that a school could choose to report Most schools have considerable information about their students. For example, they may have information about students language backgrounds, Indigenous status, socio-economic backgrounds, learning difficulties and disabilities.This information usually is reported only within education systems or to governments and is not reported publicly, although schools sometimes provide information to their communities about the range of languages spoken by students in the school, the countries from which they come, the percentage of Indigenous students in the school and the schools special Indigenous programs, or the number of severely disabled students and the facilities and support provided for these students. F a sub-set of student intake measures on which it is agreed to collect nationally comparable data.Within the set of student intake characteristics reported for a school, there could be a sub-set of measures on which it was agreed to collect nationally comparable data. Some progress has been made toward nationally consistent definitions and nationally consistent data collections on student background characteristics. G. all other information that a school could choose to make available Beyond information about student outcomes, student backgrounds and their physical and human resources, schools provide a range of other information to the communities they serve. 1.3 Nationally Comparable Data Acknowledging the many purposes and audiences for information about schools, and the various forms that this information can take, the specific focus of this paper is on the collection and reporting of nat ionally comparable data for the purposes of evaluating and comparing school performances. In other words, the focus is on categories B, D and F in Figure 1. We envisage three broad uses of such data use by parents and caregivers in judging the quality of educational provision and in making informed decisions in the best interests of individual students use by school leaders in monitoring a schools improvement and benchmarking the schools performance against other, comparable schools and use by education systems and governments in identifying schools that are performing unusually well or unusually poorly given their circumstances. As noted above, these three stakeholder groups are likely to have different needs. The ways in which nationally comparable data are analysed, combined and reported may be different for different purposes.We see the process of reaching agreement on the core data that should be available about a school as a national collaborative process, and see little val ue in arriving at different conclusions about these data for different parts of the country. 4 Reporting and Comparing School Performances 1. 4 Principles for Reporting The Principles for Reporting Information on Schooling (see pages 6-7) adopted by the Ministerial Council for Education, Employment, Training and Youth affairs (MCCETYA) provide an important point of reference for any proposed collection and use of nationally comparable data on schools.These principles recognise the multiple audiences and purposes for information about schools, the need to collect broad evidence about student and school performances, and the dynamism of monitoring intended and unintended consequences of reporting information on schools. Australian governments have undertaken to ensure that data provided for the purposes of comparing schools are reliable and fair and take into account the contexts in which schools work.Governments also have undertaken not to develop simplistic league tables of school performances. 1. 5 Structure of Paper This paper first considers the kinds of nationally comparable data that might be collected about schools for the purposes outlined above. We draw on national and international research and experience, attempt to anticipate the likely requirements of different audiences, and take into account what measures currently exist and what additional measures might be desirable in the future.Each of the three data categories in Figure 1 is considered in turn student outcome measures physical and human resources measures student intake measures (sections 2-3) (section 4) (section 5) We then consider alternative ways of evaluating and comparing school performances. Two broad methodologies are discussed the direct comparison of student outcomes the construction of measures of school performance (section 6) (section 7) Finally, we consider issues in reporting publicly on the performances of schools audiences and purposes for reporting options for public reporting on schools (section 8) (section 9) 5 Reporting and Comparing School Performances MCEETYA PRINCIPLES FOR REPORTING INFORMATION ON SCHOOLING There is a vast amount of information on Australian schooling and individual schools. This includes information about the educational approach of schools, their enrolment profile, staffing, facilities and programs, and the education environment they offer, as well as information on the performance of students, schools and systems.Different groups, including schools and their students, parents and families, the community and governments, have different information needs. The following principles provide guidance on requirements for information on schooling, including the types of information that should be made readily available to each of the groups noted above. These principles will be supported by an agreed set of national protocols on the access to and use of information on schooling. Good quality information on schooling is importa nt FOR SCHOOLS AND THEIR STUDENTS.Principle 1 Schools need reliable, rich data on the performance of their students because they have the primary accountability for improving student outcomes. Good quality data supports each school to improve outcomes for all of their students. It supports effective diagnosing of student progress and the design of quality learning programs. It also informs schools approaches to provision of programs, school policies, pursuit and allocation of resources, relationships with parents and partnerships with community and business.Schools should have access to Comprehensive data on the performance of their own students that uses a broad set of indicators Data that enables each school to compare its own performance against all schools and with schools of similar characteristics Data demonstrating improvements of the school over time Data enabling the school to benchmark its own performance against that of the bestperforming schools in their legal power and nationally FOR PARENTS AND FAMILIES.Principle 2 Information about schooling, including data on the performance of individuals, schools and systems, helps parents and families to make informed choices and to engage with their childrens education and the school community.Parents and families should have access to Information about the ism and educational approach of schools, and their staffing, facilities, programs and extra-curricular activities that enables parents and families to compare the education environment offered by schools Information about a schools enrolment profile, taking care not to use data on student 1characteristics in a way that may stigmatise schools or undermine social inclusion. Data on student outcomes that enables them to monitor the individual performance of their child, including what their child knows and is able to do and how this relates to what is expected for their age group, and how they can contribute to their childs progress Information that allows them to assess a schools performance boilersuit and in improving student outcomes, including in relation to other schools with similar characteristics in their jurisdiction and nationally.1 Any use or publication of information relating to a schools enrolment profile should ensure that the privacy of individual students is protected. For example, where the small size of a school population or of a specific student cohort may enable identification of individual students, publication of this information should be avoided. 6 Reporting and Comparing School Performances FOR THE COMMUNITY.Principle 3 The community should have access to information that enables an understanding of the decisions taken by governments and the status and performance of schooling in Australia, to ensure schools are accountable for the results they achieve with the public funding they receive, and governments are accountable for the decisions they take. Students are an important part of our caller and t ake up a variety of roles within it after leaving school. The community is therefore a direct and indirect consumer of the product of our schools, as well as providing the means of public funding.Information about schools in the public domain fulfils the requirement that schools be accountable for the results they achieve with the public funding they receive, including congress to other like schools it should also give the community a broad picture of school performance and a sense of confidence in our school systems. The community should have access to Information about the philosophy and educational approach of schools, and their staffing, facilities, programs and extra-curricular activities that enables the community to compare the education environment offered by schools. Information about individual schools enrolment profile, taking care not to use data on student characteristics in a way that may stigmatise schools or undermine social inclusion National reporting on the per formance of all schools with data that allows them to view a schools performance overall and in improving student outcomes, including in relation to other schools with similar characteristics RESPONSIBLE PROVISION OF SCHOOLING INFORMATION Australian Governments will ensure that school-based information is published responsibly so that any public comparisons of schools will be fair, contain accurate and verified data, contextual information and a range of indicators to provide a more reliable and complete view of performance (for example, information on income, student body characteristics, the spread of student outcomes and information on the value added by schools) governments will not devise simplistic league tables or rankings and will put in place strategies to manage the risk that third parties may seek to produce such tables or rankings, and will ensure that privacy will be protected. reports providing information on schooling for parents and families and the community will b e developed based on research on what these groups want to know and the most effective ways the information can be presented and communicated. FOR GOVERNMENTS Principle 4 Governments need sound information on school performance to support ongoing improvement for students, schools and systems. Government also need to monitor and evaluate the impacts (intended and unintended) of the use and release of this information to improve its application over time.Good quality information on schooling enables governments to analyse how well schools are performing identify schools with particular needs determine where resources are most needed to lift attainment identify best practice and innovation in high-performing schools that can be mainstreamed and used to support improvements in schools with poorer performance conduct national and international comparisons of approaches and performance develop a substantive evidence base on what works.This will enable future improvements in school p erformance that support the achievement of the agreed education outcomes of both the Ministerial Council for Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs and the Council of Australian Governments. 7 Reporting and Comparing School Performances 2. STUDENT OUTCOMES Information about the outcomes of a schools efforts is key information for parents and caregivers if they are to judge the quality of educational provision for school leaders to monitor a schools performance and improvement and for education systems and governments to identify schools in need of additional support.However, schools work to promote many different kinds of outcomes for their students. For some schools, an important objective is to improve school attendance rates. For others, assisting students to make successful transitions into the workforce is a high priority. Some schools are more focused than others on supporting the social, spiritual and emotional development of students. Still others measure their su ccess in damage of entry rates into highly sought-after university courses. Decisions about the outcomes to be reported publicly for schools are important because they influence judgements about how well individual schools are performing.This is particularly true when education systems and governments attempt to construct measures of school performance Perverse incentives can arise when the school performance measure has both a large impact upon actors and focuses on an aspect of schooling that does not reflect the true or overall purpose and objectives of schools. Unfortunately, this can be common in school performance measures if the performance measure is too narrowly defined. (OECD, 2008, 26).

Business Financing and the Capital Structure

Raising Business CapitalAs a financial advisor to this business there be two options to consider for nurture business peachy, comeliness financing and debt financing. The details, advantages, and disadvantages of both options will be provided. Also information about raising capital by selecting an investment banker will be discussed. To wrap up, the historical relationships between happen and return for common ph sensation lines versus corporate bonds will be examined. Equity FinancingIn terms of equity financing it is the process of raising capital through the sale of sh ars in an enterprise (National Federation of Independent Business, 2011). Equity financing is the sale of an ownership provoke to raise funds for business purposes. Equity financing spans a wide range of activities in scale and scope, from a few thousand dollars raised by an entrepreneur from friends and family, to giant initial public offerings (IPOs) running into the billions by house contrive names such as Google and Facebook (Kokemuller, 2013).The equity-financing process is governed by regulations imposed by local anesthetic or national securities authority in most jurisdictions. The regulations be designed to protect the public from investing with unhonest operators who may raise funds from unsuspecting investors and unthaw with the notes. An equity financing is therefore generally accompanied by an offering memorandum or prospectus, whichcontains a great take in of information that should help the investor influence an informed decision about the merits of the financing (National Federation of Independent Business, 2011). Such information includes the ac lodges activities, details on its officers and directors, use of financing proceeds, risk factors, financial statements and so on.AdvantagesThe main advantage of equity financing is that it doesnt have to be repaid. Plus, you share the risks and liabilities of company ownership with the new investors. Since you dont have to illuminate debt payments, you can use the funds flow generated to further grow the company or to diversify into other areas. Maintaining a low debt-to-equity ratio also puts you in a better power to get a loan in the prospective when needed.DisadvantagesThere are tradeoffs with equity financing, the disadvantage of it is by taking on equity investment, you give up partial(p) ownership and some direct of decision-making authority over your business. Large equity investors often insist on placing representatives on company boards or in decision maker positions. If your business takes off, you have to share a portion of your earnings with the equity investor. Over time, distri justion of profits to other owners may exceed what you would have repaid on a loan. Equity financing is different from debt financing, which refers to funds borrowed by a business.Debt FinancingsAccording to Investopedia, debt financing is when a firm raises money for working capital or capital expenditur es by selling bonds, bills, or notes to individual and/or institutional investors. In return for lending the money, the individuals or institutions become creditors and receive a promise that the genius and interest on the debt will be repaid (Investopedia, 2012).AdvantagesThe advantage of debt financing is it allows you to pay for new buildings, equipment and other assets used to grow your business before you earn the demand funds. This can be a great way to pursue an aggressive growth strategy, especially if you have access to low interest rates. Compared to equity financing, businesses do not have to give up any ownership or control of the business with debt financing. After the loan is paid back the businesses relationship is completed. some other advantages of debt financing are the interest on the loan is tax deductible and if the loan is fixed rate the principal and interest can be plotted in the budget (Kokemuller, 2013).DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage associated with debt financing is that you have to repay the loan, plus interest. If a company does not pay back the loan in the terms agreed upon the property and assets can be repossessed by the bank. Debt financing is also borrowing against future earnings. This means that instead of using all future profits to grow the business or to pay owners, you have to allocate a portion to debt payments. Overuse of debt can severely limit future bullion flow and stifle growth. Is debt financing is not properly monitored and controlled it can hurt the business. If too much debt is carried the business and owner will be seen as last risk by potential investors and that will limit the ability to raise capital by equity financing in the future. Debt can also make it difficult for a business to grow if the cost of repaying the loan is high.Investment BankAnother option for raising capital is selecting an investment bank. They are financial institutions and individuals who assist companies in raising capital, often through a private placement or public offering of company stock. Sometimes investment bankers are referred to as brokers or deal makers. Companies frequently use investment bankers to help identify available financing options and obtain introductions to funding sources (Growth Company Guide, 2000). Investment banks also provide up-to-date advice on the conditions of fundraising for private companies. Because investment bankers make a business of raising money for companies, they can often be quite helpful to a company in analyzing its funding needs, identifying the most likely or appropriate sources for raising money and executing a fundraising strategy (Growth Company Guide, 2000).An investment bank can help, but the quality of a companys opportunity and the strength of its management team determines the amount of options open for a given fundraising. Investment bankers also diversify in quality, resources, experience and contacts. Investment bankers who are experienced wit h the companys industry and the type of financing it needs, can often help a company raise funds. If they are unfamiliar with the companys industry or the type of financing being sought, they may actually hinder a companys financing efforts. Common Stocks versus Corporate BondsIt is commonly known and accepted among investors that the higher the returns on an investment, the higher the risks are. Safe investments carry low risk, but the returns are also lower. Different levels of risk apply to common and preferred stock, as well as to corporate bonds. Corporate bonds generally have the lowest level of risk of the three investment types, but also offer lower returns, even with regular dividend payments. Common stocks have the highest risk of the investments and the highest potential returns.Common StocksWhen you purchase stock in a company during a public offering, you become a shareholder in the company. Some companies pay dividends to shareholders based on the number of shares held , and this is one form of return on investment. Another is the profit realized by trading on the stock exchange, but one must sell the shares at a higher price than paid for. The risks of owning common stock include the possible loss of any projected profit, as well as the money paid for the shares, if the share price drops below the original priceCorporate BondsBonds issued by companies represent the largest of the bond markets, bigger than U.S. Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, or securities offered by federal agencies (Sandilands, T. 2013). The risk associated with corporate bonds depends on the financial stability and performance of the company issuing the bonds, because if the company goes bankrupt it may not be able to repay the foster of the bond, or any return on investment. Assess the risk by checking the companys credit rating with ratings agencies such as Moodysand Standard & Poors. obedient ratings are not guarantees, however, as a company may show an excellent credit r ecord until the day before filing for bankruptcy (Sandilands, T. 2013).RiskCorporate bonds hold the lowest risk of the two types of investments, provided you choose the right company in which to invest. The main reason for this is that in the event of bankruptcy, corporate bond holders have a stronger claim to payment than holders of common stocks. Bonds carry the risk of a lower return on investment, as the performance of stocks is generally better. Common stocks carry the highest risk, because holders are last to be paid in the event of bankruptcy.

How Advertising Influence Youth Attitude Toward Dressing

Summer educational activity Report on How advertising influence y divulgeh billet toward ski binding UNDER GUIDANCE Mr. Vishal Jain MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (RETAIL MARKETING) SUBMITTED BY Mr. TARUN KUMAR REG. No. 720593065 PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR (Punjab) ACKNOWLEGEMENT Through this seminar report I want to entertain the light on the topic How advertising influence youth berth towards dressing, it outflows me im workforcese pleasure to present my provision survey report onward my mentors. With deep sense of gratitude I would like to fall upon this opportunities thank my honorable project guide Mr.Vishal Jain This report incorporates m any(prenominal) developments, which crap taken home base in the field of advertising as well as means during last 25 or 50 historic period or so. I use up at that placefore tried to append a report, which gives a precise and up-to-date view of merchandiseing in a lucid and novel style. It is an attempt to match the modern marketing strategies and factual break-dance of the business. Later on go discussing the reactions of various classes of people, the interplay of marketing and advertising factors, which profoundly influence the behavior of peoples bribeing a carrefour, has been duly emphasized.E actu all(prenominal)ything has been presented in a simplified and refined form, illustrated by well-chosen representative examples. Throughout the report, presentation of material has been sharpened by inclusion of data report. I lay down made a very sincere attempt towards clear understanding of the report. My inexpressible gratitude is to the supreme guide who enables me to encounter up my ideas into the concrete forms. Many people view contri hardlyed in the preparation of the report. I express my sincerest thanks and indebtedness to Ms. Gagandeep for inspiring me in the development of my project.I go away be very grateful to my mentors and seniors and inquisitive executives for constr uctive criticism of report and their suggestions for its further improvement. My heartfelt thanks be due to them. Tarun Kumar CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. register 3. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 4. MONTE CARLO & COTTON COUNTY 5. NEW ARRIVALS 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7. INDIAN DRESSING 8. COSTUMES FOR BOYS 9. NEED OF MARKETING STRATEGIES 10. ORGANISATION OF MARKETING STRATEGIES 11. OBJECTIVES & RESEARCH methodological analysis 12. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY. 13. ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 14. CONCLUSION 15. BIBLOGRAPHY 16.QUESTIONAIRE INTRODUCTION Hearing is to forgetting, seeing is to re sh aring, doing is to understanding. Advertising is both an art and a business it tells the public at intumescent about the availability of a product usually a consumer article and persuades the people through oral, visual and emotional appeals to buy the product. It presents an article in an attractive, honourable and eminently useful way. Yet, like other arts it lies in concealing itself. To put it diff erently, advertisement of a certain product persuades us in a subtle way that we accept its publicized virtues as facts.Wearing costume with prestigious brand puddles seems to be very importationant for adolescents. This phenomenon was studied in the consideration of consumer socialization by examining the influence of three socialization historic periodnts, namely p bents, peers and TV, on the development of French Canadian adolescents brand sensitivity and their relative importance. Controlling for socio-economic variables, quaternary regression analyses were conducted separately for boys and for girls. For both genders, brand sensitivity is reformer(a)d to peer influence. Girls brand sensitivity is related to the importance fathers give to clothing brands.TV exposure is non related to adolescents brand sensitivity. For boys and girls, peers represent the most important predictor of this consumer socialization. The results argon discussed in the light of social and economic pressures and family relationships. Advertising influences the youth attitude towards dressing to a larger extent and has broad impact on the society and outlook of an individual personality. Fashions in dress ingest been current since the dawn of civilization. Fashions be meant to demonstrate the status of a person.Advertisements throw off an appeal to our emotions and zests by associating the advertised brands with popular personalities much(prenominal) as film stars and sportsman. The style of advertising about the dresses combines pictures or cartoons with fine catchy phrases, musical tunes, and voice of advertising model, strong visual appeal. That is why they ar most popular and most expensive of all. Advertising influences consumers subconscious mind. Youth tries to immediate the dressing sense of celebrities. Advertising has revolutionized the market of robe manufacturing.In advertising everything is do to fetch the eyes of consumers and push up the sales. Thats why William Shakespe be remarked, appargonl ost proclaims the man. Summarizing, in a nutshell here is a report, which has been made by thoroughly studying all the aspects of advertising piece, Youth attitude towards dressing, market study etc. healthy criticism of the report is always welcomed. HISTORY Ludhiana is an important tuckwear center located in North state of Punjab (about 400km from Delhi). more than half of the countrys hose products argon supplied from here.Comm scarce known as the Manchester of India and besides as the industrial chapiter of small scale fabrication, the city has a business community that has proved its entrepreneurial strength all everywhere the world. It has a long history in producing knitwear for the Indian market and is known for its woolen/ unify knitwear including sweaters, pullovers etc. The word knitwear is derived from the word hose, which means tubular that describes the shape in which the fabric was create from raw material, espe cially for socks. The first woolen knitwear unit was probably effected in the last decade of the nineteenth century (maybe 1894) in Ludhiana for manufacturing socks.Some others put the date as in the first decade of the twentieth century. Its origin tin piece of ass be traced to migrants from Kashmir, who settled in Ludhiana after a famine in Kashmir in 1933. These migrants brought with them skill of weave fine woolen fabrics and embroidery. Their skills were commercialized by the topical anaesthetic traders who sought markets inwardly Punjab and beyond. In 1935, the diligence aphorism its first change with circular plain works introduced in the industry. They started manufacturing sweaters on these machines with like used as blunt material.The second turning point in the history of this cluster was the introduction of Flat Knitting machines during 1940s and during the same period, the industry started importing wool for manufacturing woolen products. The Ludhiana knitwea r industry cluster developed during the second world war, when the woolen jerseys were in great demand. In 1947 the Muslim population that migrated to Pakistan after partition, owned most of the machines so then the local anesthetic population and the immigrants from Pakistan sustained this industry. Trade grew smoothly for next four decades. Myanmar was a very important market for Ludhiana knitwear till the 1950 i. . before the Myanmar governance imposed import restrictions. In the same course of instruction the Government of India overly imposed restriction on imports and most of the inputs i. e. machines, needles etc at that time were creation imported. The import restriction thus fostered development of indigenous machine establishrs, spinning mills etc. Before the breakup of Russia into CIS, it was the largest market for the woolens made in Ludhiana. The breaking up of Russia forced Ludhiana to explore for new markets. Till then the focus of the cluster was largely on wool en products in the upseter setd segment.During the period of 1980s, the industry saw a nonher change with introduction of automatic and computerised knitting machines. During 1981, the State government had set up a knitwear center with technical and financial assistance from UNDP and UNIDO, admit the most modern technology and equipment. The collapse of Russian market resulted in a major shakeout in the industry and several leading reachrs were forced out of business altogether. At the same time the crises created a new generation of manufacturers, who learnt from Tirupur, Delhi and Bombay to thrive by shifting their business from wintertime wear to summer wear.This simulacrum shift eventually resulted in Ludhiana be orgasm more of a cotton and summer wear manufacturing center, while retaining its dominance in the domestic woolen market. Ludhiana has seen an grand industrial growth in the last 8 years due to signifi sack upt improvements in the law and order situation and a c onducive air for Industrial growth. In order to attract the entrepreneurs to set industries, the State Government is providing benefits such as industrial parks and industrial estates as focal points. Although it is a livelylyly promote intensive industry yet in that location is no systematic approach for providing training to the work force.The importance of the Ludhiana knitwear cluster is evident from the following facts *There be about 1 two hundred0 small-scale units in the Ludhiana cluster *The total fixed investment in correct and machinery is Rs 300crores *Per capita investment in plant and machinery is Rs. 2. 13 lakh *The cluster is producing products expenditure Rs 5000 crores in a year. *The cluster provides direct and indirect employment to nearly 5 lakh persons *Per capita employment is 28 persons *The respect of exports is rough Rs 1300crores *Knitwear exports from Ludhiana has been growing at the rate of 25% since 1995 *Its sh argon in total garment exports from India is around 3% More than 90% of woolen knitwear take of the country is from Ludhiana This sector comprises of some tough organised composite manufacturers like Oswal woolenen Mills, Oswal Knit India (Pringle), Greatway, R N Oswal, Pee Jay multinational etc. that have a capacity of 0. 5 1. 0 one million million pieces each. In addition there ar numerous medium and small scale units catering to local and export markets. The small-scale units are engaged in various activities like spinning of narrate, dyeing and demonstrateing of thread and fabric, knitting, cutting, button holing and button stitching, washing and ironical cleaning and label manufacturing.This sector is a perfect example of ancillarisation and sub contacting in the country. The deep rooted knitwear industry in Ludhiana consists of both circular and flat tire get along knitting capacity. Structured knits, jacquards and fancy knits are especially from this centre. Auto stripers, velour & feeder st ripers are other available options. cotton fibers, acrylic resins, rayon blends & woolen knitwear intersection is facilitated by an easy access to narrative business in the same region. The overall technological status is very low barring a some enterprises. The machinery and equipments are locally manufactured and are low in efficiency and quality.The dyeing and finishing technology is highly polluting and consumes high amounts of energy and water. The knitwear industry of Ludhiana which has emerged as the largest self-sustaining sector in itself and has a huge potential of maturing into an eminent industrial name. Considering the size and potential of the Ludhiana Knitwear industry, it can be safely said that it go out have a significant role to play in the changing global trading environment. It is therefore high time for the industry to become globally warring and to make concentrated efforts. Analysis of Business Operations ProductThe Ludhiana knitwear industry is a wel l-diversified industry. Product-wise it can be divided into two main sectors i. e. summer wear and winter wear. The main product for winter wear are sweaters, woolen socks, pullovers, cardigans, thermal wear, gloves, muffler, baret caps, shawls, jackets, jersey, and blankets, while for the summer wear the main product are T-shirts, cotton and commix socks, under garments, knitted bed sheet, knitted skirts, knitted tops, sports wear, night suits etc. Semiformal knitted made from double mercerized cottons blended with viscose rayon and bed linen made for summer wear also fall into product basket of the Ludhiana luster. Raw material nigh of the raw material is locally available. Cotton, Wool, Acrylic, Polyester, Nylon and viscose are the main raw material used in the knitwear industry. Cotton is available in abundance as India is producing 1. 6 to 1. 7 million bales of cotton every year. nonwithstanding due to poor quality of Indian wool, generally the exquisite wool is imported from Australia, New Zealand or conspiracy Africa. Other synthetic substance fibres like Acrylic, Polyester, Nylon and Viscose are available indigenously. There are about 200 spinning units, which produce cotton, woolen and blended yarns. virtually 25% yarn is also exported from Ludhiana.With ontogenyd level of Awareness through various exposure visits to Italy and China and interaction with the international buyers, Ludhiana manufacturers have begun to use new fashion varieties of yarn. The firms are either importing these new varieties of yarns from China, Australia and New Zealand or producing them in-house. Feather yarn and Crotchet yarn are examples of newly developed yarns. There is some corporate yarn import also being do at Ludhiana. The fabrics used in the summer wear are locally knitted and use pure and blended cotton yarns and also synthetic yarns such as polyester, polyester cotton, polyester viscose etc.Besides the above, there are various embellishments and mate rials requirement in the industry such as buttons, zip fasteners, sewing threads, thread lining materials, tapes, laces, labels, packaging material etc. that are easily available in India though non of very high quality in Ludhiana. In the dyeing sector, various dyes and chemicals are used for processing and finishing of yarns, fabrics and garments. Machines Ludhiana has about 4000 circular knitting machines out of which 1500 are richly automatic. There are about 500 flat computerized, 120 fully fashion and 50 to 60 thousand hand flat knitting machines.There are local manufacturers who not only cater to the Ludhiana market but also supply throughout India. Many of the manufacturers having financial muscle import machinery from Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Korea etc. Of late there has been a provision of importing second hand reconditioned machinery from these nations under the TUFS scheme and many units are availing this facility. This machinery is much ahead of what is called advance in the Indian context. This gives a technological uplift to the industry and in turn increases the quality of the produce.There are 300 small and medium process houses. Most of them are traditionalistic dyeing plants using hank dyeing. The number of package and fabric dyeing units are very a a few(prenominal)(prenominal). The machinery used in dyeing is mostly indigenous while a lot of imported. Machinery is being used in finishing despite the fact that there is 25% import work on machines. The import profession on the spare parts of these imported machines is 52% which means that the maintenance of these machines becomes a addressly affair and is thus a detaining factor. There are around 25 units that are using imported machinery only.The machinery that is locally available does not match the quality and productivity being offered by the foreign suppliers. Some of the manufacturers feel that this duty structure is a result of deliberate efforts to dump machinery. The machiner y being imported is through indenters, which are around 25 in number. Direct machinery import is roughly negligible. These indenters also give after sale service. Workforce The Ludhiana knitwear industry is highly labour-intensive. It is estimated that the Industry has employed 5lakh persons.Out of which, more then 2lakh are employed Indirectly. The concept of undertake labour prevails in the industry because of it being a seasonal industry and also to avoid the factories act. These indirect activities are related to the forward and converse linkages within the industry such as tailoring, embroidery, packaging, retailing and marketing etc. The labour available is migratory labour and is mostly unskilled. Though there are training courses being run locally, these are not being extensively used. Women workers, a major equirement of the garment industry is only 2% in number at Ludhiana. Although the biased attitude of the entrepreneurs towards women has been largely taken care of ye t there is much to be done. Technical workforce is available but technical inputs are mostly given by the entrepreneur themselves who have practical industry experience and better intimacy gained by secondary man-made lakes. This is the reason why training levels are negligible in the cluster. The salary levels are low and despite the availability of professionals, their employment is very limited.There is a lack of professional attitude amongst the managers and is being taken care of by unit level training programmes. Entrepreneurial Background Most of the entrepreneurs in Ludhiana are self-made businessmen, who learnt the job while service of process as workers in other units. Most of them lacked any technical or professional qualifications. Although these owners do not possess any formal technical education, their knowledge of materials, machinery and products is considerable. The owners perform all radical functions of marketing, procurement and finance.This is precisely the reason why they do not want to appoint professionals or believe in training. The coming up second generation is again a mixed category, with some of them having professional qualifications before entering the family business, while others joining at an early age with workshop floor and hands-on experience. The decision making powers are vested with the entrepreneur themselves. There is no delegation of authority and the amount of trust posed in the employees is very less. Production There are huge but fragmented capacities in the cluster and not much of subcontracting prevails.Thus the capacity utilization is very low. It is 40% in units operating computerized machines while 80% in hand flat machines that are suitable for value added niche products. More than 60% of the units are running(a) either as ancillary or vendors to their mother units. There is less differentiation with thrust on knit structures, silhouettes, shades and patterns, which are limited in range. This is a seas onal industry and the production capacity utilization is remarkably low in the lean season, which is from December to April for winter wear. Delivery schedules are seldom adhered to. DesigningProfessionally qualified as well as experienced designers are available in the industry. Local institutes like Pinnacle, JD Institute and NIFD are serving the industry actively. But still Ludhiana is lacking in new designs because of no efforts being put on research & development. Most of the small entrepreneurs prefer doing this job themselves. The big ones, who are interested in keeping themselves abreast with latest trends visit nearby countries like Hong-Kong and Singapore to pick up some of the latest available samples. These are then modified to suit the needs of domestic market as well as that of some developing countries for exports.The importers of developed countries usually provide their designs themselves. A proposal for collaboration with international institute likes CITER (Italy) & FIT (US) is under pipeline. Infrastructure Ludhiana is very poor as far as infrastructure facilities are concerned. The only airport, which is near to Ludhiana is not functional at the moment and it is essential to increase its status from domestic to international airport. An international level order of battle centre for buyer-seller meets is take so that it is easier for the buyers from abroad to visit Ludhiana. There are no proper facilities for labour force.Due to scattered location of industries, the common effluent treatment plants do not work. Some units have installed them individually but they are working at much impose capacities. The conditions of roads is very poor and even the sewers are not laid down in some areas. The power supply is very erratic and very costly. Very recently this has been hiked by around 4%. up to now the use of generator sets commands heavy taxes. There are no common facilities. MOT has announced a couple of schemes like TCIDS wherein the industry has to give a matching component. The cluster has al get up submitted a proposal in this respect.In some areas, the associations have even pooled in resources for laying down roads and sewers. Finance Most of the units are financially free-living with a strong base. Loans are easily available from banks and other financial institutions but preference is given to private financiers who provide loans at a higher rate. This is largely to hide the illegal business transactions. Various banks such as the SBI under its UPTECH programme is giving soft loans on their PLR and contributing initial Rs. 1 Lakh in equipment dailyty of equity for technical up-gradation of units. Marketing Marketing is a very weak feature of the Ludhiana cluster.At the outset, there is no distinction between the manufacturer and the marketer. There are a few firms who are selling directly through their own retail outlets such as Duke, Sportking or through marketing channels such as three-card monte Ca rlo, Pringle, Jain Udhay, Neva etc. Many units are doing job work for big brands such as Raymonds, Wills, Allen Solly, Esprit etc. Every year in two phases i. e. in January for summers and in July for winters, the manufacturers do their sampling and procure orders by displaying these in hotels at Delhi where they invite their prospective retailers.A huge amount is spent in this process. An initiative in this respect has been taken by a few of the manufacturers in terms of collective and negotiated hotel defyings. It is being planned to conduct these meets in a collective fashion, which will reduce the cost of this activity. There is also a lot of price undercutting in the cluster. There is no emphasis on branding and this largely reduces the margins because the maximum value addition in chain is at this stage. To overcome this problem, a collective marketing and common branding project has been planned.There is very less participation in domestic trade fairs and the international o nes are also seldom visited to get a feel of the market trends. The marketing in the export sector is targeted mainly at the buying houses. There are very few units that are directly marketing in the international market. Domestic market Ludhiana knitwear industry is doing Rs. 3629 crores business in the domestic market. 95% domestic demand for woolen knitwear is fulfilled by the Ludhiana cluster alone. The main markets for Ludhiana knitwear industry are high-end domestic markets in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Lucknow and Kanpur.There is also a low-end middle income mass domestic market including immigrants from Tibet and Nepal. other major market are the Government Departments, primarily defence and police, that is routed through tenders announced by these departments. Export market The global knitwear market is of about 200 billion USD. Export of knitwear from Ludhiana is of about Rs. 1371 crores. The main foreign markets for Ludhiana knitwear industry are the high quality consciou s Americans, Europeans and the market of the CIS countries. USA and EU are high fashion and design markets.The export being done to American and EU nations is primarily job work for big brands wherein the designs are provided by the buyers. There is very less export being done with manufacturers own label and that too is limited to Middle East and CIS nations only. The Middle East markets are low quality markets. An important feature of the knitwear export from Ludhiana is that more or less 90% of export is carried out by the manufacturer exporters. There are very few merchant exporters. Around 25% of the yarn is also exported. There is a huge demand for synthetic fibres in the European nations.These possibilities have not been work so far. Role of marketing agents Marketing agents are basically catering to the requirements of the domestic markets, both high-end and low-end middle-income segments. They provide two kinds of important services to the entrepreneurs firstly they sourc e orders from distant buyers and secondly they serve as a guarantor of the buyer for the manufactures. They are responsible for appeal of money from the buyers after expiry of credit limit. In case of dispute, they reimburse 50 percent of entrepreneurs dead payment. The intermediaries take away around 6% of the sales as commission.This indirect link limits the feedback received from the final exam customers and results in low customer loyalty, besides reducing the profit margins. Decentralized sector The knitwear industry in Ludhiana is highly decentralized & varies in size. The small knitwear units are located in residential areas around Sunder Nagar, Madhopuri, Brahmpuri, Shivpuri, Purana Bazar and Bahadur ke road. The medium and large units are generally located in the outskirts of Ludhiana in the Industrial Area, focal Point, Chandigarh Road or Jalandhar road. Most of the units are based in the residential areas converted into commercial places.Only a few big units have their p roduction units in eleven of the Government promoted industrial estates in the Ludhiana district. There is no scoopful industrial estate in the city for knitwear units. Research and development There is no stress on R&D activities in the cluster. The R&D is only in terms of new varieties and finishes of yarns and in terms of technology up-gradation. An exhibition on latest yarns was organized, where Chinese and Indian firms displayed their innovations. This created some awareness but the cluster still needs to put in more effort in this. Taxes and DutiesThere is chain of taxes on industry which are stated as under 1. rub duty on fibers 12% 2. Excise duty on yarn(12%) / Excise duty on polyester filament yarn (34 %) so average duty on yarn 23% 3. Sales tax on yarn 4. 4% 4. Sales tax on Ready made & knitwear 4 TOTAL (of 1+2+3+4) 66. 8% Proposed Entry tax on yarn 4. 4% The knitters and weavers of grey fabric can pay excise duty on an optional basis. The rate of excise duty on fab ric, made ups and garments is 12%. This special Dispensation shall continue up to 28th Feb 2005. The industrial fabrics would however continue at 16%.The Hand processing of fabric fabric by independent Processors is exempted from excise duty even there is use of power in three Specified processes i. e. scouring, hydro-extraction and calendaring in the case of Cotton and man made fabrics. Policies and regulations EXIM policy 2002 2007 In the EXIM policy 2002 2005, Ludhiana has been awarded the status of town of export integrity for woolen knitwear. This will entitle Ludhiana cluster for the following benefits Recognized association of units will be able to access funds under MAI (Market access initiative scheme) for creating focused technological services.Funds will also be available for undertaking market progress efforts on country Product basis. Receive priority for assistance in identified critical infrastructure gaps. There are two schemes namely costume Integrated Park for Exports and the Textile Center Infrastructure building scheme under which 37 crores of funding is available. Various benefits will be extended to the member units as relaxation in labour laws, common facilities etc. Sample fabrics permitted duty free within 3% limit for trimming & embellishment and 10 % variation in GSM to be allowed for fabric under advance license.Additional items such as zip fastness, inlay cards, evelets, rivets, eves, toggles, velcro-tape, cord & cord stopper are include in input output norms. DEPB rates are permitted for all kinds of blended fabrics. Such blended fabrics are to have the lowest rate as relevant to different constituent fabric. Oswal woolen Mills Limited (OWM), the flagship club of the Nahar Group of Companies is expanding its quick capacities by raising funds through a public distinguish and has obtained SEBIs nod for the issue of up to 8,320,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each through the book built route. The issue comprises of a net issue to the public of up to 8,305,000 equity shares and reservation of up to 15,000 equity shares for subscription by employees. The net issue will constitute 25. 05% of fully diluted localise-issue capital of the company, said Mr. Jawahar Lal Oswal, Managing Director of the company. OWM, was corporate in 1949 and is a part of Rs. 19,000 million well known industrial heap up Nahar Group which also consists of Nahar Spinning Ltd, Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited, Nahar Exports Ltd and Nahar Capital & Financial function Limited based at Ludhiana in Punjab.The Group is one of the oldest and well-recognized business houses in India. The confederacy is one of the pioneers in the organized Indian woolen hosiery industry. OWM made modest beginning as a manufacturer of hosiery items and over the years has emerged as a vertically integrated wool textile company having presence in diverse markets, with wide range of products including branded wool hosiery and cotton garments. OW M is the registered owner of well-known brand name monte Carlo for selling woolen hosiery and cotton garments which was added to the existing product portfolio in the year 2002.International Society for A-one brands has recognized four-card monte Carlo as a Superbrand for woollen hosiery garments since Fiscal 2003. The products in woollen hosiery segment are also change under the brand names of Canterbury for insurance agiotage quality woollen hosiery garments while the specialty worsted woollen yarns and hand knitting yarns are interchange under the brand name of OWM. Since March 2006, the company has started manufacture of indigo dyed specialty denim fabric, which has added to the existing range of rich product portfolios.The society has been certified to conform to the QMS Standard ISO 90012000 by DNV Certification B. V. , Netherlands for the manufacture and supply of dyed and grey tops and yarn in worsted wool, pure wool, dearest wool, acrylic wool blends and polyester wool blends and angora, berthia and serge fabrics. The Company endeavors to strengthen its stake in the in the retail sector and it plans to further augment its existing reach of three-card monte Carlo Exclusive speck Outlets by opening additional 106 outlets by Fiscal 2009 from the existing 44 outlets as of now.Further, OWM is contemplating selling denim fabrics to ready-made denim garment manufactures in domestic and international market. From 2007 autumn and winter season, The Company would start production and marketing of fine micron pure merino blended knitted products for children in the age group of one to eight years for the Indian domestic market. In the Fiscal 2006, OWM had commissioned a co-generation power plant with multi fuel capabilities with an installed capacity of 3. MW to meet the entire power requirements of integrated yarn textile manufacturing plant. Post commissioning of this co-generation power plant in addition to cost reduction of power, the company wou ld benefit from uninterrupted availability of power resulting in better quality of yarn and reduction in manufacturing wastage. Under the current working out plan, it proposes to set up a co-generation power plant with installed capacity of 7. 5 MW, which is anticipate to meet the full requirements of power for integrated denim operations post expansion. Mr.Kamal Oswal, Director said, We also propose to increase capacities to manufacture additional 125,000 pieces of wool based knitted and hosiery garments together with additional 4,784 spindles for worsted woollen yarn and also increasing denim fabric weaving capacity to 20 million meters per annum from the present level of 15 million meters per annum. As a backward integration for the denim fabric weaving, we are also setting up a cotton spinning plant with a capacity of 14,400 spindles and 2,160 rotors. The Book racetrack Lead Managers to the Issue are UTI Bank Limited and Motilal Oswal Investment Advisors hush-hush Limited.O swal Woolen Mills NAHAR GROUP, formal in 1949 surges ahead to establish it self as a reputed industrial conglomerate with a wide ranging portfolio from Worsted Spinning, Cotton Knitted, and Cotton Woven Garments, wool hosiery Etc. The group has spinning capacity of 0. 4 millions cotton spindles 25000 worsted spindles with turn over of $500 million inclusive of export turnover of $150 million. Out of total production, 60% of the production is dedicated to exports and the rest 40% for domestic market.The production facility have been awarded ISO 90012000. To twenty-four hours OWM is the flagship company of the glorious Nahar Empire and a proud owner of widely love Super Brand in Knitwear, Monte Carlo and Recoganised Super Brand Canterbury. The company boasts of a product portfolio that is truly large and varied. They include diverse types of Woollen, Acrylic and Synthetic Blended Yarns, Lambs Wool Yarn. The markets of NAHAR GROUP are cris crossed allover the globe with major cliente le in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Russia and Asia.The objective is meeting the buyers expectations with consistent quality backed by R & D divisions supply with latest equipment, Cream of highly qualified technocrats and adhering to timely schedules. Today Oswal Woolen Mills LTD. is a company that owes its strength in the market and solidity to foresightedness of its chairman Sh. Jawahar Lal Oswal ,the professional inputs of the board of directors and able to team of highly skilled mangers OSWAL WOOLEN MILLS LTD is the Flagship company of over US$500 millions NAHAR GROUP OF COMPANIESOswal Woollen Mills (OWM) is the flagship company of the Rs 2,000 crore Nahar Group, which is an industrial conglomerate with a diversified portfolio that includes spinning, knitting, fabric processing, hosiery garments, knitwear and infrastructure. Starting off as a small hosiery factory in Ludhiana in 1949. It produces a wide range of products, which include diverse type of woollen acrylic, synthetic blend yarns, lamb wool yarn, woollen viscose and acrylic tops, textile fabric, woollen hosiery, thermals, knitwear and cotton Garments. The Companys infrastructural base includes six factories with a workforce of 10,000 people.OWM has recently become the first domestic company in the country to receive the prestigious ISO- 9001-2000 certification in the designing, knitwear, manufacturing and supplying category. Oswal Woollen Mills (Spinning Mill) Limited GarmentManufacturer Oswal Woolen Mills NAHAR GROUP, established in 1949 surges ahead to establish it self as a reputed industrial conglomerate with a wide ranging portfolio from Spinning, Knitting, Fabric, Hosiery Garments etc. Out of total production, 60% of the production is dedicated to exports and the rest 40% for domestic market.The production facility has been awarded ISO 90012000. OWM is the flagship company of the glorious Oswal Empire and a proud owner of widely loved Super Brands in Knitwear, Mon te Carlo and Canterbury. The company boasts of a product range that is truly large and varied. They include diverse types of Woollen, Acrylic and Synthetic Blended Yarns, Lambs Wool Yarn, Woollen Viscose & Acrylic Tops, Textile Fabric, Woollen Knitwear, Hosiery & Cotton Garments The knitting industry in India can be classified into following groups Hosiery knitting for undergarments Flat knitting for sweaters and winter garments Socks knitting for socks and stockings Warp knitting for dresses, furnishings and industrial applications In the recent times, knitting sector has undergone enormous modifications that have resulted in an increase in efficiency, ease of operations, use of computer aided designing etc. The various reasons for the growth of knitting industry are as follows The capital investment for scratch a new knitting unit is relatively small than that required for other fabric producing industries. High productivity and very low preparatory process as compared to we aving. More flexible and easy changeover of styles and designs to keep up with the frequent fashion changes in snip market. Knitted fabrics are at ease and are in tune with the time. Knitwear dont require ironing and thus it gives people a carefree feeling while traveling etc. Low labour cost per unit as compared to weaving. Wider scope of designing in a knitting machine at a lower cost as compared to weaving. traditionally pure wool was more commonly used for knitted fabrics. But its cost being very high and production being very low, it could not meet the requirements of the increasing population.Due to these constraints, the use of acrylic and other noncostlier fibres like jute have overshadowed wool in the knitting sector. Optimal engagement of the manufacturing capacities of the industry is required to face the global challenge in terms of quantity and price in the post WTO quota regime. Most of the hosiery/knitwear manufacturing units in India are in the small-scale se ctor. India is the largest producer of cotton in the world, with Gujarat as a number one cotton producer with a yield of 300-400 kg per hectare. It is expected that within a couple of years, it will touch the mark of 550 kg per hectare.Therefore India has an abundant supply of the basic raw-material for knitwear industry. Presently, the main centers where this industry is located are Ludhiana, Tirupur, Delhi, Culcutta, Banglore, Ahmedabad, Saharanpur, Surat, Kanpur and Mumbai. About 95% of the nations output of woolen/acrylic knitwear and over two third of its bicycles and parts production comes from Ludhiana. Tirupur is famous for cotton hosiery and most of its produce is exported. Knitwear industry uses various types of yarns like woolen, worsted, cotton, blended and various other types of fancy yarn.However Ludhiana, which is very famous for woolen knitwear makes substantial use of acrylic fiber and less of pure wool because of its high price. This is primarily because wool as a raw material is produced mainly in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand and the import duty on the same is very high. The industry in India mainly imports wool either in its fiber stage, yarn stage or old woolen rags, which are then recycled. In terms of looks and feel for a common user, acrylic and woolen seem to be similar. At present world cloth market stands at 200 billion USD and the share of knitwear is almost 50% of the total market.China has a hold over 24% of the global knitwear trade. While the domestic apparel market in India is around 9 billion USD wherein knitwear has only 15% share. If we analyse the per capita consumption of fabrics, the share of knitted fabrics in the Indian market is around 3% as compared to the world average of 13%. Globally, the per capita consumption of knitted fabrics is 31 kg in the US, 20 kg in the EU & 24 kg in Japan, whereas in India the per capita consumption is 0. 2 kg per annum. This proves that there is huge scope for growth of knitte d fabric in India.Significance of knitwear in garment industry The survival of knitwear industry depends on the survival of the garment industry. At present, the knitwear industry has only 43% share in volume of garment industry but the same is increasing at a very fast rate due to the comfort properties of knitted garments. As on January 1 2002, there were 50,000 units in India engaged in garment manufacturing, of which 9600 were in the knitted sector and 40,400 in the woven sector. Year 1999 2000 The garment sector in India is growing at the rate of 7. % in volume, but a notable point is that this growth has been largely supported by the growth in the knitted sector at a rate of 11. 4% in volume. Knitwear accounts for 18% of foreign exchange earned by the country from export of all commodities. Garment exports from India in July have registered a growth of 20% in value terms and is at 379 million USD as against 316 million USD, in the same period last year. twain the sectors of t he garment industry i. e. knitted and woven have progressed over the last decade & a half but in the later half of the decade, the knitted sector has overtaken the woven sector in terms of volume.Significance in export It is expected that the textile sector would fulfill the export target of Rs. 65,000 crores this year, out of which the knitwear contribution will be about 15% 20%. The union Government has fixed the export target of 50 billion USD for the textile items by the year 2010, the share target for garment is at 50% i. e. 25 billion USD. Countrys Export of garment from Ludhiana region during Jan-December 2001 was 705. 19 crores under quota countries, while export of garment from India was of 21414. 52 crores.Thus the percentage share of Ludhiana in export of garment was only 3. 29 %. The total global garment market is of 198. 7 billion USD. (From clothesline). Destination of export Presently U. S. A. , Canada, South Africa, U. K. , Germany, France and U. A. E are the main d estinations for knitwear exports from India. West Europe, Australia, Japan, Middle East, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan & Ukraine countries are big importers of knitted items. Yarn from India is exported to almost the whole of the world but more so to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Korea. CompetitorsChina, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka give severe competition to India in the world market. The share of China alone in the world market is 24% while that of India is just 3%. Import Barriers Indias import duties on wool fiber, textiles and apparel are highest amongst the world. Duties remain high at all stages of the pipeline and exporters also face nontariff barriers such as special import licenses for wool fabrics etc. The import duty on raw wool is 22% and on wool-top it is 50% with an additional duty of 11. 5% payable on imports. Besides this, the total duty on the wool yarn is 67. %. Import duty on machine is 25% while import duty on machine parts is ar ound 52%. Sometimes the maintenance of imported machine becomes costlier. Because of this, the manufacturers avoid purchasing of modern imported machine. Oswal Woollen Mills Ltd enters capital market pic pic NEW DELHI Oswal Woollen Mills Limited (OWM), the flagship company of the Nahar Group of Companies is expanding its existing capacities by raising funds through a public issue and has obtained SEBIs nod for the issue of up to 8,320,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each through the book built route. The issue comprises of a net issue to the public of up to 8,305,000 equity shares and reservation of up to 15,000 equity shares for subscription by employees. The net issue will constitute 25. 05% of fully diluted post-issue capital of the company, said Mr. Jawahar Lal Oswal, Managing Director of the company. OWM, was incorporated in 1949 and is a part of Rs. 19,000 million well known industrial conglomerate Nahar Group which also consists of Nahar Spinning Ltd, Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited, Nahar Exports Ltd and Nahar Capital & Financial Services Limited based at Ludhiana in Punjab.The Group is one of the oldest and well-recognized business houses in India. The Company is one of the pioneers in the organized Indian woollen hosiery industry. OWM made modest beginning as a manufacturer of hosiery items and over the years has emerged as a vertically integrated woollen textile company having presence in diverse markets, with wide range of products including branded woollen hosiery and cotton garments. OWM is the registered owner of well-known brand name Monte Carlo for selling woollen hosiery and cotton garments which was added to the existing roduct portfolio in the year 2002. International Society for Superbrands has recognized Monte Carlo as a Superbrand for woollen hosiery garments since Fiscal 2003. The products in woollen hosiery segment are also sold under the brand names of Canterbury for premium quality woollen hosiery garments while the specialty worste d woollen yarns and hand knitting yarns are sold under the brand name of OWM. Since March 2006, the company has started manufacture of indigo dyed specialty denim fabric, which has added to the existing range of rich product portfolios.The Company has been certified to conform to the QMS Standard ISO 90012000 by DNV Certification B. V. , Netherlands for the manufacture and supply of dyed and grey tops and yarn in worsted wool, pure wool, lamb wool, acrylic wool blends and polyester wool blends and angora, berthia and serge fabrics. The Company endeavors to strengthen its position in the in the retail sector and it plans to further augment its existing reach of Monte Carlo Exclusive Brand Outlets by opening additional 100 outlets by Fiscal 2010 from the existing 44 outlets as of now.Further, OWM is contemplating selling denim fabrics to ready-made denim garment manufactures in domestic and international market. From 2007 autumn and winter season, The Company would start production an d marketing of fine micron pure merino blended knitted products for children in the age group of one to eight years for the Indian domestic market. In the Fiscal 2006, OWM had commissioned a co-generation power plant with multi fuel capabilities with an installed capacity of 3. MW to meet the entire power requirements of integrated yarn textile manufacturing plant. Post commissioning of this co-generation power plant in addition to cost reduction of power, the company would benefit from uninterrupted availability of power resulting in better quality of yarn and reduction in manufacturing wastage. Under the current expansion plan, it proposes to set up a co-generation power plant with installed capacity of 7. 5 MW, which is expected to meet the full requirements of power for integrated denim operations post expansion.Mr. Kamal Oswal, Director said, We also propose to increase capacities to manufacture additional 125,000 pieces of wool based knitted and hosiery garments together with additional 4,784 spindles for worsted woollen yarn and also increasing denim fabric weaving capacity to 20 million meters per annum from the present level of 15 million meters per annum. As a backward integration for the denim fabric weaving, we are also setting up a cotton spinning plant with a capacity of 14,400 spindles and 2,160 rotors. The Book Running Lead Managers to the Issue are UTI Bank Limited and Motilal Oswal Investment Advisors Private Limited. Mr. N. D. Jain, president of the company, announced sale policy of textile products for the year 2007-2008. Mr. Jain sure that the company was manufacturing textile products of highest quality which are best in country. Oswal Woollen Mills Limited (OWM) is the the flagship company of the Nahar Group of Companies. OWM, was incorporated in 1949 and is a part of Rs. 9,000 million well known industrial conglomerate Nahar Group. The Group is one of the oldest and well-recognized business houses in India. The Company is one of the pi oneers in the organized Indian woollen hosiery industry. OWM made modest beginning as a manufacturer of hosiery items and over the years has emerged as a vertically integrated woollen textile company having presence in diverse markets, with wide range of products including branded woollen hosiery and cotton garments.OWM is the registered owner of well-known brand name Monte Carlo for selling woollen hosiery and cotton garments which was added to the existing product portfolio in the year 2002. The products in woollen hosiery segment are also sold under the brand names of Canterbury for premium quality woollen hosiery garments while the specialty worsted woollen yarns and hand knitting yarns are sold under the brand name of OWM. Since March 2006, the company has started manufacture of indigo dyed specialty denim fabric, which has added to the existing range of rich product portfolios.The Company has been certified to conform to the QMS Standard ISO 90012000 for the manufacture and su pply of dyed and grey tops and yarn in worsted wool, pure wool, lamb wool, acrylic wool blends and polyester wool blends and angora, berthia and serge fabrics. Monte Carlo India Mens Fashion, Formal Office & Fashion Shirts, T-shirts, Jackets, Womens Cardigans & Sweaters Over the years, Monte Carlo has established itself as a brand name trusted world-wide for its excellence in quality and eminence.Some of our products include sweaters, cardigans, cardigan sweaters, Mens pullovers, T-shirts, trouser, shorts, Womens cardigan sweaters & womens sweater. All our clothes are designed in a manner to give our customers the ultimate feeling of comfort and ecstasy. Our collections also includes a wide range of thermals and track suits India. In our compilation of exquisite clothing and qualitative attires we have variety of jackets India like Womens jackets, sleeveless jackets, Mens jackets & Shirts like fashion shirts, formal shirts, office shirts & wholesale shirts etc. Dress up by the ways of world and eat what you pleaseWhen getting ready for new day its all about looking unclouded and feeling energetic. Dressing up in a fine manner and carrying it all with grace is what rattling recites the personality and the real you. Styles change every season so there is no point in limiting and sticking to one style but its always better to experiment wisely. The dressing style of Men The clothing styles change every season but there is one constant touch that unleashes the kind of taste you have. When it comes to mens clothing its important that the colors are right and same goes for the cuts.There are a few basic colors that actually suit men these include blue, black, white, grey, cream etc. Another vital tip for dressing will be to iron your clothes every time you wear them. When dressing up its not just about clothes but accessories as well. For that ideal look its important to always have a few things like watch, tie, pen, cuff link and tie pin. Once equipped with all above and a confident(p) attitude you are all set to rule the world. The dressing style for Women Dressing correctly is most confusing for women. Be it casuals or formal the only secret to look just right is to be graceful.Although a few rules are standard for both men and women but still they have a wider range to choose from. When dressing up for a normal day its better to sport a simple look accompanied with a few accessories. A light make up with a serene identity is the idea to unite all the positive energies and bring out the confidence. More than any thing else it is mandatory no matter what you wear it should be comfortable because your wardrobe exactly portrays you individual identity. High stem or low waist only thing that matters is to be able to carry it well.All said and done remember be true to yourself. To look trendy and fashionable its not important to change your wardrobe with every season what matters is to actually feel Trendy. Shopping Tips Shopping is one of the most favorite hobbies for both men and women. It is regarded as a stress buster activity. Despite of its soothing nature shopping can be troublesome at time so here are a few tips that guide you to enjoy the entire experience. Most importantly you should be dressed casually so that you can easily take off and put back in the dressing room. If you are not the firm kind and you annot decide by yourself, remember to take a takeoff rocket with you who can guide you well on what actually suits you. Until you are not shopping for pleasure remember to make a list of it all and shop only for the things that you need. Keep trying new styles you never know what suits you until you have an experience you might surprise yourself. The best way to make sure that something is comfortable is to actually try it well. When you are about to buy something move you arms and sit down that will give you a better idea of whether it is worth buying or not. With all the above ideas and tips now yo u are all set to buy just the right lothing and that too without any inconvenience. So, Get ready and get going How to buy? Find the Item the website has been designed in a very user friendly manner with all the classification done all you need to do is to choose from the categories and order the product. Keyword Search in case, you are looking for a particular dress type the item scratch ore a bit of its description you can access the item using the search option. Learn about the item you found Before you actually buy the product make sure that you have all the details of the product like Item no. Its description Order no. Price Images tape transport and Payment Details Make sure that you have read the details of the product and the Payment Information and other Shipping Instructions. New Arrivals Montecarlo Ladies Collection 08-09 Monte Carlo the flagship brand of Oswal Woollen Mills hasUnveiled its s/s 08-09 collection. Dedicated to women are three lines. Alice in Wonde rland, Uber dona and the New Proportions All the three collections are done by keeping one thing in preview, that it should be for every women,be her a college going girl or ur home maker.Alices Wonderland inspired knit collection embodies design , colorful patterns and prints , with soft material and dynamic cuts, colorful threads. Tees in multi-colors and stripes also take their own place. Colors are rich and aristocrat , cardinal reds , majestic purples with off whites and soft ekrus. Browns , turqs and theatrical fucias ginger with light peach, sophisticated rose accents , contrast dusky vintage pinks. Uberdona A desire for beauty and all the finer things in life. This party collection offers a range of kurtis crafted with extreme fineness and embellished with pearls and shells , metals and threads , flowing fabrics.The New Proportions A casual daywear an interplay of clean cut silhouettes , pastels and earthy colors , fine cottons and minimal embroidered patternsPick a shirt s or a tunic to dress down for effortlessly stylish daywear and it make sure to steal u a second glance. The trousers are baggy . Tastefully selected pieces lend timelessness and opulence to fashion thats what Monte Carlo s / s 09 collection is all about. Price range Rs 345 onwards u cant resist it Available Monte Carlos exclusive stores and MBOs. MonteCarlo Trousers Monte carlo offer moreA perfect timeless look which shines you apart from the crowd. A perfect blend of premium fibres which gives the monte carlo trouser a uniqueness of its own. In the season we present you a complete range of classy chinos , edgy linens ,premium cotton lends bio-polished for a peach skin finish will give an extra smooth feel. The enzyme and silicon in these trousers makes the fabric extremely soft ideal and anti crush makes you feel beginning the day even at the end. A complete gracious range which starts from Rs 699 Rs 1495. This season Monte Carlo has introduced its new LEXUS(miracle cotton) W rinkle free Cotton(trousers). hich is made of 2 ply100s California PIMA cotton to give premium lustre and strength, Ultra light, high density, fabric with resin coating makes it a perfect non-iron trouser. New colour lock technology to keep colour fresh & bright wash afyer wash. For sporty look there is multi pocket cargos with different washes. And the Cargo range for men comprises of multi pocket cargos with detailing of snaps, velcros and zippers. Garments are treated with immoderate enzyme wash and softeners to provide a trendy washed look and soft hand to the garment to increase the wearing comfort.Canterbury Monte Carlos Canterbury is a premium brand that delivers elegance, soft luxury and creativity in intrinsic patterns and styles for those who settle for nothing but the best. The collection liberally uses superior quality of pure silver wool in fine count of eighteen micron. This makes the woollens lightweight and extremely warm. These garments have an dainty hand feel, drape gracefully and fit perfectly on all body types. The Cantebury collections introduced every season pullovers and cardigans in 100 % pure cashmere wool and cash wool for both men and women.The exciting Canterbury range has exclusive designs that come in unique colour combinations. The designs comprises of intarsia classic argyles (diamonds shapes) and patterns of checks. Single colour self structure with links and transfers. The collection is available in fusion of urban neutral colours with a predominance of shades in blues, in evergreen greys, the elegance of beiges and brown, dull blues and the bright hues of turquoise. The fall winter 2009-10 collection has more than seventy designs on offer for its customers. Monte Carlo Its the way you make me feel Brand Monte Carlo Company Oswal Woolen Mills LtdpicMonteCarlo is a premium knit wear brand in India. Launched in 1984, this brand is dominating the Mass + Class segment winter cloth market. Oswal has around 50% market share i n this segment. With the booming retail sector driving the growth of Readymade clothing in India (estimated to be to the tune of Rs40 bn) no one can resist extending their brand to readymades. That is exactly what MonteCarlo is doing now. MonteCarlo ( which is a super brand) has similarity with Color Plus (discussed in previous blog) in that it created a market for itself in a category that was dominated by lesser known brands.Monte Carlo was careful in brand building and the ads were catchy and theme oriented. Since I am in South India where there is little market for woolen clothes, still the ads shown in national channels used to excite me. The ads were full of feel good factors with great models and excellent imagery. All the ads had Romance and two people discovering a relationship. The print ads were like that of ColorPlus gave a premium touch to the brand. It is said that most of the earlier models of this brand are now superstars including Mallika Sherawat, Arjun Rampal to name a few.Monte Carlo is promoted with the baseline Its the way you make me feel. The catchy point of the TVC s is the music which always set the tang for the message. The brand is still communicated along the same themes since two decades. The company spent lot of effort in making sure that the premiumness is not lost in campaigns. This is going to pay rich dividend when the brand is getting into the competitive world of every day wear. The brand was extended to T shirts in 1999 with the brand Summerz. In 2001, the brand forayed into everday wear market under the sub brands Wonderhugs and Trouserz and introduced ladies wear in 2003.This year saw the national launch of cotton wears from Monte Carlo. The company was cautiously ramping up the distribution and retail strategies to ensure that this brand succeed. The price range of readymades is in line with the premium brands like Van Heusan and Louis Philippe. So Monte Carlo can expect some serious competition. With the kind of succ ess this brand had in the winter wear market, it is reasonable to believe that Monte Carlo has the potential to be a Color Plus. Hope that the brand will be built along the same themes that made it successful. REVIEW OF LITERATUREOswal Woolen Mills NAHAR GROUP, established in 1949 surges ahead to establish it self as a reputed industrial conglomerate with a wide ranging portfolio from Spinning, Knitting, Fabric, Hosiery Garments etc. Out of total production, 60% of the production is dedicated to exports and the rest 40% for domestic market. The production facility has been awarded ISO 90012000. OWM is the flagship company of the glorious Oswal Empire and a proud owner of widely loved Super Brands in Knitwear, Monte Carlo and Canterbury. The company boasts of a product range that is truly large and varied.They include diverse types of Woollen, Acrylic and Synthetic Blended Yarns, Lambs Wool Yarn, Woollen Viscose & Acrylic Tops, Textile Fabric, Woollen Knitwear, Hosiery & Cotton Garm ents The knitting industry in India can be classified into following groups 1. Hosiery knitting for undergarments 2. Flat knitting for sweaters and winter garments 3. Socks knitting for socks and stockings 4. Warp knitting for dresses, furnishings and industrial applications In the recent times, knitting sector has undergone enormous modifications that have resulted in an increase in efficiency, ease of operations, use of computer aided esigning etc. The various reasons for the growth of knitting industry are as follows 1. The capital investment for starting a new knitting unit is relatively small than that required for other fabric producing industries. 2. High productivity and very low preparatory process as compared to weaving. 3. More flexible and easy changeover of styles and designs to keep up with the frequent fashion changes in apparel market. 4. Knitted fabrics are comfortable and are in tune with the time. 5. Knitwear dont require ironing and thus it gives people a carefr ee feeling while traveling etc. 6.Low labour cost per unit as compared to weaving. 7. Wider scope of designing in a knitting machine at a lower cost as compared to weaving. Traditionally pure wool was more commonly used for knitted fabrics. But its cost being very high and production being very low, it could not meet the requirements of the increasing population. Due to these constraints, the use of acrylic and other noncostlier fibres like jute have overshadowed wool in the knitting sector. Optimal utilisation of the manufacturing capacities of the industry is required to face the global challenge in terms of quantity and price in the post WTO quota regime.Most of the hosiery/knitwear manufacturing units in India are in the small-scale sector. India is the lar