Behavioral Science Article Review - 538 Words

Article review In behavioral science, there has been a long time interest in the method biases. This article in concerned with the influence that the biases have in the research results in the field of behavioral science. The paper also looks at the aspects that cause the occurrence of the biases. The paper also expounds on the human cognitive process that allows the human behavior and response to measures in the research to be influenced by the biases. The article also evaluates the various statistical techniques and procedural techniques that can be employed towards controlling the biases that may exist in such human behavioral science research. At the end of the paper, there are various recommendations that are given in connection to selection of the best procedures in such researches as well as the statistical remedies that can be employed depending on the setting of the research being conducted. Method biases are pointed out to be one of the reasons behind the measurement errors. These measure ment errors therefore contribute to weakening of the validity of conclusions particularly the conclusions on the relationships between measures that are used in the research. These measurement errors are here grouped into random and systematic components. The common method biases are indicated to be emanating mainly from having a common rater, using a common measurement context, employing a common item context or even emanate from characteristics of the characteristics ofShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Development And Organizational Development1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe Organisational development article I have chosen gives context to Organisational development theories from early teachings to more recent academic research highlighting disconnect among OD researchers. The OD article is from the journal of applied behavioural science. Literature review explains shortcoming among OD research. I chose the OD article for the in-depth analysis of this subject from early theories to m ore recent models of practice. The author discusses the implications for researchersRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1656 Words   |  7 PagesAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common well- known behavioral disorders, that is defined by the DSM as having a â€Å"persistent pattern of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, for at least six months and it is so severe that it interferers with your development†. As of 2013, it affects 11 percent of children between the ages of 4-17 and is more prevalent in boys than in girls. (http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/688.html) ADHD with aggression is very common as well. The aggressionRead MoreEvidence Based For Nursing Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesEvidence-Based Behavioral Treatment for Diabetes The article I have read and am doing a peer review on the utilization of the psychosocial adaptive behavior change concept which is referred to as Problem Solving Therapy (PST). The article describes the useful methods plus also describes the use of application of technique and explores the research evidence that demonstrates improvements on diabetes health outcomes. According to the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE), the best resolutionRead MoreArticle Review : Deep Correspondence Restricted Boltzmann Machine For Cross Modal Retrieval979 Words   |  4 PagesArticle Review : Deep correspondence restricted Boltzmann machine for cross-modal retrieval Review Submission : ACN 5314.5H1 - Computational Modeling Methods in Behavioral Brain Sci. Reviewer : Jithin Pradeep R jxp161430@utdallas.edu School of Behavioral and Brain Science, The University of Texas at Dallas December 16, 2016. Deep correspondence restricted Boltzmann machine for cross-modal retrieval: Jithin Pradeep Article Review. Article Review : Deep correspondence restricted Boltzmann machineRead MoreCase Summary : Security Fraud1626 Words   |  7 Pageswhy Mr. Shkreli s Case is the ideal case is due to the fact that it will allow for a more depth analysis on why individuals commit fraud. In one of the articles I will be annotating as one of the 5 sources, the psychology and sociology behind why individual commit fraud will be annotated, and Mr. Shkreli fits excellently as an example of the articles reinterpretation of the Fraud Triangle. A Canadian Strategy to Combat Investment Fraud is a report that illustrates what fraud is, the types of fraudulentRead MoreBiological Influences On Personality : Temperament, Personality, And Life Span Development1030 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review The topic of research was Biological Influences on Personality: Temperament. Personality is not just something we learn, there are also biological influences that help shape a person’s personality. Our book refers to temperament as biologically based emotional and behavioral tendencies that are evident in early childhood (Cervone D., Pervin, 2015 p.488). Each article provided an insight on how biology plays an important role in our personality/temperament. In the article Nature overRead MoreThe Role Of Sociocultural, Socioeconomic, And Diversity Factors1414 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Purpose: Demonstrate knowledge and appreciation of the role of sociocultural, socioeconomic, and diversity factors and lifestyle choices in contemporary society. (ACOTE Standard B.1.4) Articulate the importance of balancing areas of occupation with the achievement of health and wellness. (ACOTE Standard B.2.4). Explain the role of occupation in the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability for the individual, family and society. (ACOTE Standard B.2.5) ExpressRead MoreTthe Role of Amoeba in Human Disease805 Words   |  3 PagesReview the Role of Amoeba in Human Disease Introduction Free-living amoebae (FLA) are eukaryotic organism found ubiquitously in nature. They are found in soil (dust), air, water and air, which provide amoeba multiple opportunities to spread (c). These can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. Pathogenic FLA can invade and cause opportunistic and non-opportunistic infections in humans, which are found in the genus Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia pedata (b). HartmannellaRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Therapy1201 Words   |  5 Pagesbirth to what is called the first generation of behavioral therapy, which is now called cognitive behavior therapy. The second generation of was birth fourth after empirical study began to be done on our thoughts and thinking and how they affect our emotions and behavior. It was also helped along by social psychology (understanding the complex ways in which individuals interact and think about each other) and attribution theory. When computer science and programing came along it provided the perfectRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 Pagesin behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, He talked about the importance of the development of psychology. Even though he saw this development, he believed more research needed to be done on behavior. So, how does psychology influence the world? Through this behavioral approach, analyzing people’s behavior helps psychologists and others understand the desires of others and how different

Cloning Is Ethically Immoral And Should Never Be Done Essay

Reproductive human cloning is a form of asexual reproduction done in a lab, not by a sperm fertilizing an egg. This issue has been a hot topic for the past decade after Dolly the sheep was cloning in Scotland. Dolly was the first cloned mammal, whose very existence created much heat in the general public (Hansen, pg. 235, in Vaughn). Many people believe that cloning is ethically immoral and should never be done, but others think that scientific advances can greatly cure diseases. What is human cloning? Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. Human cloning allows advanced technology to take an initiative in fixing defective genes, however are the precautions taken of what the future has in store? Cloning should not be an acceptable process in today’s society. By making cloning acceptable, we are saying that everyone has the right to make a replica of them or give permission for others to be cloned. We are also saying that other cloning methods will have the approval of the community and will be acceptable, yet morally so many religions would disapprove of this method. Picture this. A couple walks into a hospital and finds out that the baby they are having has Down Syndrome. If the couple decides to alter the gene of the embryo, the baby would be artificially made instead of natural. The concept of altering genes and human cloning is morally wrong because of the possibility of aging faster, loss of individuality, and religious and ethical viewShow MoreRelatedEssay The Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research1409 Words   |  6 Pagesto better the lives of those living, but at what cost? In their articles â€Å"Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of Pro and Con,† by author Dan W. Brock; â€Å"The Ethical Implications of Guman Cloning,† by Michael J. Sandel; â€Å"Theriputic Human Cloning Is Ethical,† by Ian Wilmut and Roger Highfield; and various other articles, each author discusses his or her view on the morality of stem cell research and its use for human cloning. Kantian deontology is defined as treating the individual as more than a meansRead MoreHuman ´s Desire for Knowledge Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesseen ethically right in one century can be considered completely unethical in the next. The first scenario, takes into account ethical behavior in school. My dad for example, when he was a young kid in school he would get beaten for any misdemeanors during class, this included striking fingers with rulers or pulling ears. At that time it was acceptable for authority to execute punishments over students whether it was physical or not. Therefore at that time their knowledge to what was ethically rightRead MoreThe Importance Of Science In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1927 Words   |  8 PagesVictor, Shelley shows her readers that disrupting nature can result in unforeseen circumstances. In today’s society, science is being used irresponsibly and has pushed boundaries, wh ich has resulted in cloning, loss of lives, and isolation. Shelley’s novel relates the message that humankind should be held responsible for their actions because it could turn the situation around or stop something worse from happening. Today, humankind has little regard for what could happen because society is moreRead MoreEthics3978 Words   |  16 Pagesthink ethically and to understand why others think the way they do and how to come to a better understanding of a difference of opinions on various subjects. Analytical Skills Analytical skill building helps to improve your critical reading, writing and thinking skills. In unit 2 Case Study B, I evaluated a situation where an employee was upset with his employer’s treatment of its employees. In analyzing the situation, I was able to come to an understanding of how best the company should respectRead MoreEssay about The Morals and Ethics of Genetic Engineering3310 Words   |  14 Pagesare left to question whether the change brought on by such a discovery bring benefits and positive change, or damage and destruction. Genetic engineering is justified through applied bioethics and despite arguments against its societal implantation, should be fully utilized in efforts to develop into the 21st century. Genetic engineering refers to the technology used to alter and transport genomes and organisms, effectively shaping them to the desire or will of the geneticist. Genetic engineering canRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagesin this are: †¢ Honour our father and your mother, that you may have a long life in the land which the lord, your God, is giving you. †¢ You shall not kill †¢ You shall not commit adultery †¢ You shall not steal †¢ You should not bear false witness against your neighbours †¢ You shall not cover your neighbour’s house. You shall not covet your neighbours wife, nor his male or female slave, nor his ox or ass, nor anything else that belongs to him. Tradition inRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesimportant subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with

Cultural competence free essay sample

This paper explores the Hmong peoples views toward medicine within the lens of their culture. It will take into account their history and also seek to explain the natural aversion these people have to most modern techniques in medicine. The Hmong people have a large immigrant population in the United States and represent unique challenges to most medical practitioners that can be used as a model to teach new methods of treating patients who may not understand western medicine. Understanding the Hmong is the first step in devising better techniques for nurses and other health professionals who seek to provide the best standard of care to all peoples in a safe, professional and cooperative way. Medical Views of the Hmong People: The Importance of Cross-Cultural Understanding As the United States becomes a more racially and ethnically diverse nation, health care systems and providers must adapt to be able to better care for patients with regard to their perspectives, values, and cultures. Of course, without the help of Josepha Campinha-Bacote theory, Buddhist Prayer in the hospital would not have been allowed. According to the article, â€Å"The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services: A Model of Care,† Josepha Campinha-Bacote mentioned a model that â€Å"requires health care providers to see themselves as becoming culturally competent rather than already being culturally competent. This process involves the integration of cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural desire† ( Josepha Campinha-Bacote, 2010). Moreover, along the article, Campinha mentioned some Assumptions of the Model. There are five assumptions of the model: 1. Cultural competence is a process, not an event. 2. Cultural competence consists of five constructs: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural desire. 3. There is more variation within ethnic groups than across ethnic groups (intra-ethnic variation). 4. There is a direct relationship between the level of competence of health care providers and their ability to provide culturally responsive health care services. 5. Cultural competence is an essential component in rendering effective and culturally responsive services to culturally and ethnically diverse clients. Furthermore, when Campinha-Bacote was pursing her undergraduate nursing degree in Connecticut, she developed the developmental stages of this model back in 1969. During this time, there were conflict in race relations. â€Å"Being a second-generation Cape Verdean and raised in an exclusively Cape Verdean community,† Capinha-Bacote felt she did not fit in either of the groups. From there, that is when she explored the area of cultural and ethnic groups. After completing her baccalaureate, master’s, and doctoral degrees in nursing, she continued her interest in cultural groups to the fields of transcultural nursing and medical anthropology. To fully understand the model, each model will be defined. First, Cultural Awareness is the self-examination and in-depth exploration of one’s own cultural and professional background. This method involves the recognition of ones biases, prejudices, and assumptions about individuals who are different. Second, Cultural Knowledge is the process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation about diverse cultural and ethnic groups. To obtain this knowledge, the health care provider must focus on the integration of three specific issues: health-related beliefs and cultural values, disease incidence and prevalence, and treatment efficacy. Third, Cultural Skill is the ability to collect relevant cultural data regarding the client’s presenting problem as well as accurately performing a culturally based physical assessment. Here, this process involves learning how to conduct cultural assessments and culturally based physical assessments. Fourth, Cultural Encounter is the process that encourages the health care provider to directly engage in cross-cultural interactions with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds. Directly interacting with clients from diverse cultural groups will improve ones existing beliefs about a cultural group and will prevent possible stereotyping that may have occurred. Lastly, Cultural Desire is the motivation of the health care provider to want to, rather than have to, engage in the process of becoming culturally aware, culturally knowledgeable, culturally skillful, and familiar with cultural encounters. Here, cultural desire involves the concept of caring. The constructs of cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural encounters, and cultural desire have an interdependent relationship with each other, and no matter when the health care provider enters into the process, all five constructs must be addressed and/or experienced. Here, an example will be as follow for the reason of The Process of Cultural Competence. In the Orthodox Jewish community, there are many strict cultural guidelines that the women must obey to. When looking for treatment in the Orthodox Jewish law, it permits men and women from being alone together unless they are close family member, or married to each other. This law applies when the women is being examined by a physician or a health care provider. For the Orthodox Jewish woman, a female provider is preferable, but the woman will choose the provider she feels is qualified to provide her with the best quality of care and who has the best reputation in his/her field (Schnall, 2006). Spousal involvement in the delivery of a child is limited; a nurse may misunderstand a husband lack of support as being neglectful to his wife, the nurse is not being culturally sensitive to the Orthodox couple. The nurse must understand according to the Jewish laws, if a woman is unclean with mucous discharge, bloody show, or amniotic fluid, the husband must exit the room as he is not allowed stay in the room with his wife while she is being examined, unless she is fully covered and will not be exposed to him. To be considered clean again after childbirth or menstruation, the women must go to a ritual bath called the Mikveh. The Orthodox Jewish women must consult with their Rabbi for approval of procedures, treatments, amniocentesis, or elective cesarean sections. In such cases, Orthodox Jewish couples may call their rabbi to ask for guidance on the subject or to get a blessing from him that all will give the couple an approval within a matter. Overall, the model of cultural competence has been used as a framework for health care organization to offer culturally relevant services.

The Rights Of Punishment Essays - Punishments, Criminology

The Rights Of Punishment Wake Up Call Is this a hellish nightmare that I have to awaken from? Caged and confined, thinking and pondering, I wonder what human is this that he should be subjected to imprisonment that neither improves nor corrects his soul? Is there no compassion for restoring a man to contribute to this nation? Or does the dark side of humanity see offenders of the law as utter undesirables unworthy of aid and therapy? Society, I have been tried and sentenced. Serving time for violating the law is not supposed to be a picnic. But demoralizing and dehumanizing a man to the dust of the ground does not correct behavior that got him incarcerated in the first place. This only fuels the fire, a fire which, if not handled properly, will in time burn everything in its path. Now who is the real criminal? Cell 52514 Block 2-229 Crescent City Penitentiary Everyday, the American prison system becomes more crowded and over-burdened. Prison bed space cannot keep up with the prison population. While presidents and governors call for a ?tough stance? on crime, the infrastructure is inadequate to contain all offenders. However, even if there were enough room to fit every individual that commits a criminal act, would this be the best move for the community and the offender? Placing an individual into a prison removes them from the general population, thus making the society they live in safer. But, separating individuals in a community does indirectly injure the community as a whole. These individuals obviously are no longer contributing to the local economy, but on a basic level, their absence places a hole into a community. Offenders have been shaped by the values and practices of their community. So, even though an individual may have acted in a way that is unacceptable to their community, that person is still the product of his community . Therefore, communities must hold some of the burden for making people into who they are. So, prisons must do more then just contain offenders. A responsible society must make the effort to rehabilitate these individuals and make strides to re-connect them with the community. As Bill McKibben says, ?Isn't it time to focus harder on substantive problems, such as how do we build a society that doesn't destroy the planet by its greed, and doesn't ignore the weak and the poor (McKibben, p. 720).? Much attention has been given to issues of big business versus the environment. People can sympathize with this cause. Though it may not be as glamorous, it is just as important that society's addresses the needs of the less fortunate. Even though criminals who commit the most heinous crimes receive the majority of public attention, most offenders are not intrinsically evil or irreversible. Often they are weak individuals who may not have received the best upbringing or have instilled in them a set of values incompatible with the community. McKibben feels that it is important not to ignore these unfortunate individuals, and give them an opportunity to re-engage with society in a mutually acceptable way. Therefore, prisons need to train offenders to exist with the rest of society. In the book, C-Unit, the authors suggest that prisons fulfill a certain role. The modern prison is asked to perform three tasks: (1) to make explicit in action that the community will not tolerate certain destructive behaviors; (2) to protect the community, for at least temporary periods of time; and (3) to prepare such persons to be responsible members of the community when they are released from prison. (Studt, Messinger and Thomas, p. 3) By containing prisoners within the confines of a jail, they are removed from the community at large, thus protecting the community. In addition, by making this prison stay punishment, inmates, for the most part, realize that they acted in a way that was unacceptable. Preparing individuals for re-integration into society is where the role of a prison becomes complex. A prison stay is unlikely to reform any criminal if it only means that they are separated from the community and there is no drive to change. The first change that needs to be addressed is on the value system of an inmate. Without this, it is only superficial to urge

CME on WTO Negotiation Issues

CME on WTO Negotiation Issues The forthcoming WTO round table negotiations to be held in Doha, Qatar will help to open up the international market, thereby ensuring increased export and import of goods and services. As such, manufacturers and exporters in Canada are convinced that the participation of Canada in the WTO negotiations is a very crucial decision. More than ever before, businesses in Canada are today enjoying friendlier rules and regulations on investment and international trade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on CME on WTO Negotiation Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1989, Canada has witnessed a two-fold increase in the dollar value of goods and services exported (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 5). 1989 is an important milestone for the Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters (CME) because in this year, the Free Trade Agreement between the country and its neighbor, the United States, was launched. It is also important t o note that at the moment, Canadian exports are enjoying a three-fold rate of growth, in comparison with the country’s rate of economic growth. On the other hand, manufacturing production in Canada is mainly export-oriented, and has witnessed a two-fold rate of growth in comparison with the country’s Gross Domestic Product, a clear indication that the Canadian economy is rapidly relying on a secure and open access to the global market. This is a further justification that indeed, Canada needs to engage in the international trade in order to sustain the growth of its export/import sector. In addition, Canadian organizations have lately been seen to invest more in their abroad markets. This has seen an increasingly larger number of Canadian companies opting to open up and expand their operations in the international market (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 5). What this means is that there shall be an increase in foreign direct investment flowing from Canada to the i nternational markets where the various Canadian companies have made their investments. This is bound to increase Canadian’s export opportunity in the years ahead. In addition, this is also a chance for the various businesses in Canada to assume a participatory role in ensuring that their investments in the international markets are not subjected to discriminatory and unfair treatment. The forthcoming WTO negotiations are being held at a time when the global economy is recovering from a period of economic slowdown. As such, the new round of WTO talks is important in helping to promoting economic recovery and growth. The WTO negotiations are aimed at reducing distortions and trade barriers in as far as international trade is concerned. This is an important undertaking because it will help to improve the living standards of not just the developed nations, but also the developing ones. Will the expansion of free trade would be beneficial to the Canadian economy? The expansion of free trade would be beneficial to the Canadian economy because of the revenues generated though the sale of goods and services to consumers across the globe. This will translate into good-paying jobs and as a result, the living standard of the Canadians shall also improve. The Canadian’s economy largely depends on the ability of the country to manufacture and sell its goods and services all over the globe (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even among the Canadian population, the importance of trade in elevating their economic well-being is well understood. For example, according to the results of a poll survey commissioned jointly by both the departments of International Trade and Foreign Affairs, and which was undertaken by EKOS Research Associates Inc., it emerged that 85% of Canadians are of the opinion that internat ional trade contributes greatly to the country’s economy. 68% of the respondents to the same poll were also optimistic that when there is an increase in trade, this usually results in better paying jobs for the Canadian workforce. Canadian’s exports account for 45.6% of the country’s GOP, and this represents a 25% increase as recorded in 1990 (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 6). What this indicates is that Canada’s exports relative to the country’s GOP are four-folds those of the United States and three times that of Japan. As such, this is a clear indication that Canada is an export-oriented nation. Besides the apparent growth in Canada’s exports, there has also been a change in terms of their composition, largely because the country has now embraced the concept of a knowledge-based economy. Although such commodities as minerals, timber and grains are still important components of Canada’s merchandise exports, nonetheless, in re cent years, Canadian companies have been seen to shift towards the provision of financial, environmental and engineering services, and are now regarded as global leaders in the provision of these services. Consequently, such non-resource categories as equipment, machinery, as well as high-voltage products now account for over two-thirds of the merchandise exported from Canada (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 7). As such, the WTO negotiations shall enable Canadian companies to fully benefit from new opportunities emerging in the international market, and more so in the field of service provision. However, CME is fully aware than open trade due to free trade in the international market shall impact positively and negatively on the country’s export and import market. Once of the issues that the CME needs to take into account is the issue of competition. Nonetheless, the CME need not fear being faced with competition. This is because the uninterrupted flow of capital, goods and service across the Canadian borders shall ensure that the Canadians benefits fully from the international market. Access to the international market shall enable the Canadians to access the best goods and services from all over the world. In addition, Canadian exporters shall have the chance to sell their goods and services to the most promising markets across the globe. For example, they shall be in a better position to choose the best partnership and investment opportunities, effectively enabling them to access a poll of capital from across the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on CME on WTO Negotiation Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the Canadian market is opened to foreign competition, this shall help to boost the living standards and productivity of the Canadians in a number of ways. To start with, imports penetration shall force the Canadians to concentrate on the comparatively productive ex porting sectors and abandon the less productive ones. This is bound to raise Canada’s overall productivity (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 7). On the other hand, domestic suppliers may opt to resist import penetration and as a result, they will be in a better position to improve the quality of their products and services, reduce costs, and enhance their productivity. Therefore, although foreign competition may not actually result in an increase of the market share, nonetheless, the ensuing spur in competition shall act to sharpen the innovative spirit of the Canadians at home. Therefore, in contrast to the trade negotiations logic, there is need for nations to open up their markets for purposes of economic interest. Would alternative strategies be suitable? If at all the world trade is to benefit from multilateral expansion, there is need to consider alternative strategies, for example, by ensuring that rules and regulations relating to the multilateral trading system a re followed. This will ensure the expansion of the Canadian export and import industry and by extension, the country’s national economy. Embracing of the WTO system would ensure impartial and automatic resolution of all forms of controversies that falls under the WTO agreements. Moreover, the system also ensures that the requirements to the agreements are clear, and those who seek to violate them are subjected to the full trade sanctions consequences. Liberalization of trade, as opposed to imposing of sanctions, would be more suitable in helping to enhance the established mechanisms for settling disputes. In addition, governments should be in a position to impose and improve their own standards, according to the situations facing them (Canadian Labour Congress 5). In addition, the interest of the general public needs to take precedence over the interests of the private sector. As a member of the WTO, the Canadian government should endeavor to pursue an agenda aimed at zero ra ting tariffs on services and goods used in pollution control devices. This is a welcome respite that demonstrates that the manufacturing sector in Canada is not just concerned with profits, but is also concerned with helping to reduce environmental pollution.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trade barriers should also be reduced on the agricultural and energy products. The issue of imposing trade sanctions against some of the WTO member countries who have failed to implement some fundamental labor standards is likely to feature in the next negotiating round table (Canadian Labour Congress 6). Towards this end, the CME has appealed to the Canadian government to oppose any move to impose labor standards sanctions. The use of trade sanctions as a weapon of punishing poorer countries only acts to cripple the ability of such countries to enhance their domestic labor standards, in the long-term. In addition, in order to ensure the success of the new round of negotiations, it is important for the developing countries to possess the necessary training tools so that they can participate in a more meaningful way. In this regard, Canada could assume the leadership role by way of hosting/funding projects. In addition, Canada can assist the governments in the developing countries to draft and implement regulatory and economic reforms. Canadian Labour Congress. Current Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The Need to Reassess Canadas Priorities. 2002. 02 March, 2011. Web. Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters. A CME Perspective on WTO Negotiating Issues. 2002. 02 March, 2011 Web.

Student Research Paper

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Law of tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law of tort - Essay Example Amy was likely to have a tort of negligence against Bob. This is the omission to do something that a reasonable person guided by considerations that regulate ordinarily, the conduct of human affairs would do or not do. In this case, to succeed in the action of negligence, Amy should be able to prove; a legal duty of care, that the defendant was in breach of the legal duty and that the act of breach led to the suffering of the damages. With regards to the duty of care, Amy will have to prove that Bob owed her the duty of care. Applying the rule of Atkins where the rule that you have to love your neighbor becomes in the law that you must not injure your neighbor. Arguing along this line, Bob's neighbor was Amy and because of Bob's careless driving, he ended up injuring Amy (Heather, 2004). On the other hand, it can be possible that there was a breach of duty when Bob carelessly drove his care leading to the injury of Amy. This is something he could have avoided by simple standard care required when driving. Finally, since negligence is not actionable, Amy should prove that the injury sustained was due to breach as a result of Bob's carelessness. Before the accident, Amy was physically well, however, because of the accident, Amy sustained injuries. This enough proof of the negligence. The state that has the jurisdiction over the case is Colorado, however, Washington may also claim the same. Jurisdiction may be defined as the power of the court to make a decision on a case that will be enforceable by the authorities as well as other courts.

Bill Fontana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bill Fontana - Essay Example The avid composer attended the New York New School for Social Research, wherein he mastered philosophy besides studying various forms of music including classical music. Known to have traveled the world while studying music, Bill Fontana is said to have imbibed various cultures, with special regards to countries such as Japan, Germany and Australia, and applied his learning into various melodious musical compositions. Bill Fontana's musical input began in the year 1976 with the advent of sound scriptures. The career, which spanned over thirty years, witnessed Bill Fontana's composition revolving around the urban environment. His musical sources were inspired by the natural surroundings and had the ability to transform a simple tune into a fairy tale image. It could be compared, analyzed and comprehended before being interpreted by the listeners in their own imaginative ways. The effective use of sound scriptures by Bill has been known to move mountains when it comes to assessing musical works. The skilled composer has staged his performances in reputed events such as the Venice Biennale in the year 1999, the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1991, the Museo Reina Sofia, Spain in 1995, Madison Square Park, New York and the Tate Modern, the United Kingdom in the year 2006. The artist is also known the world over for his mesmerizing compositions such as the Distant Trains, Satellite Ear Bridge Colog ne-San Francisco, The Sound of an Unblown Flute Panoramic Echoes and Journey Through My Sound Scriptures. (Tux Deluxe, 2007) The Concept Of Bill Fontana Vs John Cage / Luigi Russolo Bill Fontana's is known to be a sound architect with a difference. He is also stated to have used objects such as belly jars and brewery bottles to study the frequency of sound through the study of echo and acoustical properties of the related objects. The transformation of an ambient sound into a musical phrase was executed to perfection in Fontana's 'Sound Sculptures'. This reflection of sound is often referred to as lending an 'ear to the world.' To draw the attention away from visual contemplation of a materialistic object, Fontana placed a microphone in the cavity of a resonate object and allowed the sound vibrations to a group of well placed speakers on the ground below. When compared to the concepts of modern composer John Cage, who did not believe in making use of the sounds of whistles and machine vibrations, the sounds generated by Fontana were based on objects which emitted noise. Fontana's concept was lauded by composer Luigi Russolo, who went a step further and added a n ew dimension to the music of sound by including shaking of doors, thumping valves, throbbing engine motors and thudding pistons in his futurist manifesto, The Art Of Noise. Later even John Cage admitted to the fact that these noises could be made 'extra musical' through the means of various unconventional devices. John Cage, on the other hand, believed in the power of silence. This avant-grade composer was supposedly the inventor of silence and in the year 1952, he composed his most famous piece ever, entitled 4'33". The composition involved a complete silence for 4 minutes and 33 seconds wherein apart from the background hum from the audience and the occasional coughs from

Human Relations Essay Example for Free

Human Relations Essay Child development refers to an individual’s progress from birth to adulthood. There are several changes that occur in a normal person’s life span-physical, cognitive and psychosocial (Fitch, 1999, p. 9). The three form the domains of child development. Physical development refers to the changes that occur in the individual’s body, such as height, weight, sensory and motor abilities, as well as the hormonal changes (p. 9). On the other hand, cognitive development alludes to the intellectual changes that occur as children develop (p. 9). As children grow, they start to develop attitudes about themselves and their surroundings. As they continue to search for their identity, their psychosocial development also unfolds. There are different theories that tackle child development. Stage theories are theories that concentrate on developmental levels that are â€Å"quantitatively different† from other levels (p. 40). Quantitative, in this sense, means that each developmental level is a progression, an integration of previous behavior and information (p. 40). Furthermore, the progression from one stage to another is discontinuous, indicating that it follows a fixed sequence (pp. 40-41). Theorists who subscribe the stage theories of child development believe that all stages are universal (p. 41). There are three major theorists in child development: Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Sigmund Freud is considered the â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (Thornton, 2006). Psychoanalysis is a technique developed by Freud that is used to uncover the unconscious (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 15). A medical doctor by profession, Freud was particularly interested in the central nervous system (p. 14). In his life of work, he found that most diseases are psychological in nature, rather than physiological. Thus, he came to the conclusion that human behavior is driven by the unconscious instincts (p. 446). He believed that the unconscious instincts are vital in an individual’s survival. Moreover, he accentuated the importance of sexual instincts as the most important element in personality development. Personality, according to Freud, is developed around three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego (Fitch, 1999, p. 41). The id is guided by the pleasure principles, ego, the reality principle, and superego, the moral principle (p. 41). These structures are crucial in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, or his perceptive on child development. There are five stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, each stage involving some levels of sexual energy. According to Freud, as children go through each stage, their personality is being developed. However, when a child undergoes traumatic experiences, the sexual energy that should have been at that particular stage may be affected, resulting in what Freud termed as fixation (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). Fixation may later lead to immaturity and certain personality traits. In the oral stage (birth to 18 months), the infant‘s focus of gratification is the mouth (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). During this stage, the infant’s id is dominant, especially because the infant has yet to differentiate the self and the environment (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The infant obtains oral pleasure by sucking, chewing and biting (Morris and, p. 448). Infants who receive too much pleasure will grow into optimistic adults; those who receive little will turn into hostile adults (p. 448). During the anal stage (18 months to 3 ? ears), the child’s primary source of sexual pleasure is the anus (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, the child’s ego is starting to differentiate from his/ her id and the child starts to establish self-sufficiency (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The child starts to learn elimination and he/ she derives sexual pleasure from holding in and expelling feces (p. 448). This is also the time when toilet training begins. Strict toilet training may result in children throwing tantrums, which according to Freud will lead them into self-destructive adults (p. 448). The third stage- phallic stage, occurs after the child reaches three years of age (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, both boys and girls seek pleasure from manipulating their genitals (p. 448). Interestingly, children become sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 48). Freud calls this the Oedipus and Electra complex (p. 448). The former refers to the Greek mythological character that kills his father and marries his mother (p. 448). The latter refers to the somewhat possessive love that girls display toward their father while feeling jealous of their mothers (p. 48). The child’s superego is also starting to take control, as the child starts to take notice of his/ her parents’ values as well as that of the society. Fixation in this stage may lead to vanity and egotism in later life. Or it may lead to the opposite, wherein the individual becomes withdrawn, shy and has low self-esteem (p. 448). When the child reaches 6 up until he/she reaches puberty, the child goes into a latency stage. During this period, sexual development is at a standstill (Larsen and Buss, 2002, p. 51). The child loses interest in sexual behavior and instead begins focusing on learning skills that will help him/her become responsible citizens in the society (p. 510. ). At puberty, the child reaches the genital stage. It is during this stage wherein sexual tension builds up. It is a period of sexual maturity. The genital stage is the final stage in sexual development and it is in this stage where adolescents and adults are able to actualize unfilled desires from infancy and childhood (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). It is the time when mature sexual relationships are established.

A comparison of the heroic figures within Of Mice & Men (John Steinbeck, :: English Literature

A comparison of the heroic figures within Of Mice & Men (John Steinbeck, published 1938) and The Sexton's Hero (Elizabeth Gaskell, 1950s) A comparison of the heroic figures within Of Mice & men and The Sexton's Hero Although both Of Mice & Men (John Steinbeck, published 1938) and The Sexton's Hero (Elizabeth Gaskell, 1950s) contain story lines, & references that emphasise heroism, they are both set in very different locations & time periods, so their only apparent link is heroism. Of Mice & Men is set in California within the 1930's during the time of the depression. During this time many people lived in poverty, struggling to find employment, and had to resort to travelling from ranch to ranch in search of it. Unemployment had risen to 25% in the United States. At this time the 'American dream' that so many had sought after out had become nothing more than a lost dream. The Sexton's Hero is set around 1850. The story has a Christian influence. Of Mice and Men begins in the Californian countryside and then moves into the setting of the Ranch and finally at the end of the story the characters are taken back into the countryside. The Sexton's Hero also features a mix of countryside and village settings. The story begins in the Churchyard and moves into a village in Lancashire, North England. Of Mice and Men is written in the third person and is told chronologically whereas The Sexton's Hero is written in a more recollective, third person form (person at the church yard and then the Sexton remembering). In both Of Mice and Men and The Sexton's hero, there is a singular 'hero' that the story focuses on. Although both characters are both seen as heroes they are very different people, with very little in common. The stereotypical hero that many of us are used to today through watching television and films would be a character like Superman or Spiderman, a person who is typically strong, fearless, brave, and has some sort of special power. They also end up catching the villain and saving the girl. We can see from the example of Gilbert and George that this stereotype of a hero does not always apply to all heroes and that Gilbert and George are not stereotypical heroes, although both do share certain aspects of the stereotypical hero. The theme of heroism is introduced very differently in each story. In Of Mice and Men it is introduced implicitly to the reader. Readers look at the characters and their relationships with others and decide for themselves what a hero is. In The Sexton's Hero the theme of

American Chemical Corporation Essay

Statement of the problem In October of 1979, the American Chemical Corporation (ACC) began looking for a buyer for the Collinsville, Alabama plant after successfully acquiring 91% of the shares of Universal Paper Corporation. Dixon Corporation, a specialist chemical company with customers primarily in the paper and pulp industry agreed to the possibility of purchasing the Collinsville plant for $12 million. This purchase will diversify Dixon’s product line, adding the sodium chlorate chemical, produced at the Collinsville plant, needed by its existing customers. Dixon is evaluating different streams of cash flows for the possibility of purchasing the Collinsville plant. Discussion The decision to acquire Collinsville’s plant will translate into strategic and economic benefits. Dixon could increase their supply of chemical products to their existing clients. However, first we looked in to the risk of the possible venture. Dixon has never produced sodium chlorate which could add risk to the new venture. For this reason we calculated the beta of the project based on the beta of the sodium chlorate industry. We focused on Brunswick and Southern Chemical which are pure play sodium chlorate companies. The average unleveraged beta obtained from the two companies is 1.035 which reflects the risk of the project. Adjusting Dixon’s beta by re-levering it using its own target capital structure of 35% ends with a beta of 1.59. The beta obtained is used to derive the CAPM method, resulting in a 21.45% cost of equity. We assumed that the debt borrowed by Dixon has a rate of 11.25% calculating an after-tax cost of debts of 5.85%. Therefore, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Collinsville’s plant cash flow is nearly 16%. This ratio will be used to evaluate the different NPV’s of the projects. To make an investment decision three scenarios have been analyzed. The first and second scenarios are to finance the plant in 5 years or 10 years respectively both with a zero salvage value at the end of the term. The Third option is to purchase the plant with a laminated technology, ACC’s technical support, and zero salvage value at the end of the term. The first two alternatives resulted in negative NPVs of ($1,928) and ($1,932) respectively, through an incremental cash flow analysis. However, acquiring Collinsville with the laminated technology will result in a positive NPV of $4,960, as well as, reducing the electric power by 30%, and the possibility of adapting this technology to other plants to reduce operating costs. Recommendation Based on our analysis, we recommend that Dixon Corporation invest in Collinsville with the laminate technology. Any of the other options, based on our incremental cash flow analysis, resulted in negative NPVs. We recommend investing in nothing other than the laminate technology project for the benefit of the shareholders. However, Dixon should make an acquisition agreement protecting itself in case the laminate technology fails in providing expected results. It should be stated that ACC should compensate Dixon for any installation charges. The acquisition of the plant will increase wealth to the shareholders, as well as, complement the supplying of chemical products to our existing clients.

A Comparative Study between Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel

Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel were both Baroque composers who used the Italian and French styles that were the basic language of the Baroque. The study of Bach and Handel is interesting because of their marked similarities and subtle differences. Bach and Handel were of Saxon ancestry. They came from neighboring towns, Bach from Eisenach, Handel from Halle, and were born but one month apart in the same year, Handel in February, Bach in March, 1685 (Young, 1962). They were both masters of concerto in all its forms:sonata;suite;fugue;opera;cantata;both sacred and secular;oratorio;mass;passion.Both Bach and Handel learnt their art by making copies of all the works of acknowledged masters. Bach and Handel were studious copyists throughout their lives. Besides Johann Christoph, Bach took as models the Italians, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Lotti, Caldara, Legrenzi, Marcello and many others. His special interests led to keyboard music, to violin music and to choral mus ic. Handel, under Zachau, made an anthology of excerpts from Froberger, Kerll,Strungck, Johann Krieger. During his later career he was influenced by Alessandro Stradella, Giacomo Carissimi, Georg Muffatt, Karl Heinrich Graun, Giovanni Clari and others.Though they sound like brilliant stars rising at the same time, they charted their different paths in music according to their individual natures. There was no musical tradition in Handel's family, his father was a prosperous surgeon who intended George Frideric for the Law; on the other hand members of the Bach dynasty had been for generations conspicuous in musical affairs in Thuringiaevering. Bach remained within the boundaries of his Saxon fatherland throughout his life and was a good citizen and was the father of twenty children.Handel, on the other hand was the man of the world, honored all over Europe. He was bold and outgoing in nature. The one tragic similarity in their lives is that they both went blind at the end of their li ves (Young, 1962). While Bach's grave was forgotten, Handel, who died nine years later, in 1759, was laid to rest in the English pantheon, Westminster Abbey. In those days, music was solely written for the sole purpose of immediate performance, its preservation beyond that moment being a secondary consideration. â€Å"Occasional† or commissioned work used to be the rule.Bach wrote his cantatas for the services of St. Thomas' Church in Leipzig, and Handel wrote his operas for special performances and strictly to suit the voices of the personnel that happened to be available. Bach’s work was mostly unrecognized and neglected for many generations till the 19th century. He was recognized as a great musician by the world only 75 years after his death. The later 18th century knew Bach mainly as an instrumental composer who wrote especially for the organ and the piano (Bekker, 1927). People tended to interpret Bach’s from diverse viewpoints.Bach used to be considered a contrapuntist pure and simple, a learned musician who treated music as a sort of mathematics (Bekker, 1927). From this viewpoint, Bach seemed to be principally a servant of the church, a sort of Protestant Palestrina who also wrote secular music. Later it became apparent that he could not after all be counted simply as a composer of Church music, so he was looked upon as a romantic poet. The romanticists, declared that Bach was the archromanticist, and should be interpreted with the utmost feeling and expression.Some felt that Bach's music was inherently emotional (Bekker, 1927). Whatever the angle of perception, Bach came to be regarded as the great builder of musical form. Contrastingly, Handel, the cosmopolitan composer and impresario, was internationally famous in his own lifetime. He was primarily a writer of oratorios (Young, 1962). His instrumental compositions were not considered serious enough for study. The Italian operas which he composed in were considered worthless in the eyes of the critics of that period (Bekker, 1927).Today however, things have changed and Handel's operas are in the repertoire of nearly every great opera-house (Bekker, 1927). Bach used a personal synthesis of the Flemish and Italian styles with German counterpoint, Handel showed a strong early inclination toward the extroverted and dramatic world of Italian opera (Krantz, 2007). In short, it can be said that Bach looked inward and Handel outward. Bach composed cantatas and organ music and, by his genius and talent for seeing holistic symbolism in words and music, he extended the character of his models (Young, 1962).Handel, more fluent, more rhetorical, and a free agent with his way to make in the world seized the formalized patterns of entertainment music in secular cantata, in oratorio, in opera, and in instrumental music (Young, 1962). Both Bach and Handel had different personalities. Bach was an introvert whereas Handel was an extrovert. Handel assimilated the various nati onal styles and specialized in each of them separately. Bach assimilated the various influences with his own personal style and arrived at a fusion of national styles in which the single elements are inseparable (Dorak, 2002).The main works of Handel are his operas, written from an universal perspective for an international public. The main works of Bach are his cantatas, written for the local churches, and his passions, the monuments of his liturgical severity. Handel, being a widely traveled musician has visited many international centers of music. Bach, on the other hand confined himself within the limits of central Germany. Bach’s great works include the Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor, most of the great preludes and fugues, and the 45 chorale-preludes gathered in Das Orgelbuchlein [the little organ book].His instrumental compositions are the Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue; the English Suites; the French Suites; the Two-Part and Three-Part Inventions; and Book I of the cele brated Well-Tempered Clavier. He also wrote several unaccompanied violin sonatas and cello suites, and the Brandenburg Concertos, recognized as the best concerti grossi ever composed. The St. John Passion was performed (1723) at Leipzig and his Magnificat was presented shortly after he assumed that post.Many more of his superb religious compositions followed: the St. Matthew Passion (1729), the Christmas Oratorio, the sonorous Mass in B Minor, and the six motets. The principal keyboard works of this period were Book II of The Well-Tempered Clavier and the four books of clavier pieces in the Clavierubung and the Goldberg Variations. His last notable compositions were the Musical Offering composed (1747) for Frederick the Great and The Art of the Fugue (1749). In all his positions as choir director, Bach composed sacred cantatas—a total of some 300, of which nearly 200 are extant.There are also over 30 secular cantatas, composed at Leipzig, among them Phoebus and Pan (1731). Th e bulk of his work is religious. In his instrumental and choral works he perfected the art of polyphony, displaying an unmatched combination of inventiveness and control in his great, striding fugues (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004a). Handel's 46 operas include much of his finest music; among them are Julius Caesar (1724), Atalanta (1736), Berenice (1737), and Serse (1738), which contains the tenor aria now known as Largo. Handel's opera, ‘Messiah’ was presented in Dublin in 1742.An essentially contemplative work, it stands apart from the rest of his 32 oratorios, which are dramatically conceived, and its immense popularity has resulted in the erroneous conception of Handel as primarily a church composer. Other outstanding oratorios are Acis and Galatea (1720), Esther (1732), Israel in Egypt (1736–37), Saul (1739), and Judas Maccabeus (1747). He also composed about 100 Italian solo cantatas; numerous orchestral works, and the anthem â€Å"Zadok, the Priest† (1727) for the coronation of George II, which has been used for all subsequent coronations (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004b).There is one particular text that was set to music by both Bach and Handel. This is Eilt ihr angefocht'nen Seelen in the Passion Oratorio (by Handel) and in the St. John Passion (by Bach). They used the same key and the same pictorial representation of ‘haste', and the choral interjections at dramatic points are also common. Bukofzer, however, has opined that Handel's music is inferior because it lacks the highly individual stamp that distinguished Bach from all other composers (Dorak, 2002). When one considers their particular musical styles, Johann Sebastian Bach's music is not pompous, not theatrical; it is not court music, not gala music.His music was essentially introspective music; he did not think of the audience for whom he composed; his music is the product of his inner reflections. It is an outward expression of his tender feelings. Even in the most grandiose and eloquent moments of his â€Å"Passions† he still remains intimate. Bach’s music thus addressed itself mainly to the connoisseur. Handel wrote for the world, for the court, for the stage. His music is naturally brilliant; he has the gift for clear sonorities and powerful rhythms, which make a physical impression on the crowd, exalt and carry it away.His breadth and simplicity of design make his work illuminating, he is popular. But Bach's art is one that aims to say many things in an instant – in a single word (Landormy & Martens, 1927). This richness sometimes made it difficult for people to understand and appreciate. Handel focuses most on the harmonic clarity of his ensemble; he makes choice of what he wishes to say, he is sober, concise; He prefers to use the simple air of accompanied monody rather than polyphonic complexities (Landormy and Martens, 1927).Dynamic patterns in music were principally of two types: the melodic, which made use mainly of the voice and is known as thorough-bass, and the contrapuntal, which made use mainly of instruments and is mistakenly called polyphony (Bekker, 1927). On the superficial level, one may find that Bach is a composer of instrumental music in contrapuntal style and Handel on the other, a composer of vocal music in thoroughbass style. Some might classify the work of Bach, the pious man as subjective and Handel, the worldly man as an objective type. But these distinctions are not firmly based.Both were religious men who were also practical in their approach. They were both introspective as well as objective and both wrote vocal as well as instrumental music, and both made use of thorough-bass as well as of contrapuntal forms. They figured bass and counterpoint, and although they performed individually, they were also teachers in singing. They even chose to specialize in the same musical instrument: the organ. Bach lead his congregation in the singing of cantatas on Sundays o r the Passions on high holidays at St. Thomas's church at Leipzig much in the same way as Handel conducted his operas and his oratorios (Bekker, 1927).Bach’s music can be termed as intensive melodies whereas Handel’s music can be termed extensive melodies. Bach uses very dense contrapuntal texture with complex and chromatic harmonies. On the other hand Handel uses a simple template for his expressions and hence his work is meant for instant sensuous appreciation. The extensive quality of Handel's melodies allows his music to be amplified whereas this is not possible in the case of Bach's music. Amplification would destroy the transparency of the contrapuntal process. The vocal component of Bach’s music is very difficult to perform.There are disjunct movements and awkward intervals. There is no overlapping between the instrumental and vocal lines. In fact, the free-voiced choral polyphony of Handel and the strictly linear, instrumentally conceived polyphony of Ba ch form the two poles of late Baroque music (Bekker, 1927). Handel considers the flow of ideas more important than elaboration whereas to Bach, elaboration is more important. The fast changing textures in his choral writing clearly indicate that for Handel, counterpoint is only a means to a dramatic end (Krantz, 2007). On the contrary, Bach takes it as an end in itself which must be consistent.By nature of its conception, Handel’s counterpoint reaches its apex through the vocal medium. Handel’s work depends so much on the vocal component so much so even his keyboard fugues seem to call for text and become most excellent in vocal form. This accounts for the success of Handel in vocal music (Krantz, 2007). Bach is more adept at the instrumental form. Bach prefers to submit his choral polyphony to an instrumental standard. To quote Tevfik Dorak: â€Å"In the flexibility of his choral idiom, Handel surpasses Bach in the same measure as Bach surpasses Handel in contrapunta l consistency† (Dorak, 2002).One of the major differences between them lay in their individual conception of tone. A person who conceives tone vocally will also feel instrumental music as vocal, and the person who conceives tone instrumentally will also feel vocal music as instrumental. Some comparative features among the two great masters are as follows (Dorak, 2002):Bach conceived tone instrumentally and Handel vocally.Bach focused a lot on spiritual music and created profoundly religious cantatas, passions and masses. Handel treated even religious theme based oratorios such as the â€Å"Messiah† with a theatrical effect. This was more popular to the middle class audience.The vocal component of his music was used essentially as a melodic instrument with the most intricate demands of counterpoint expected of it. Handel's writing for the voice is completely idiomatic and the freer contrapuntal textures are more vocally conceived and are contrasted with powerful choral w riting.Handel demonstrates the Italian conservatism in his music and uses very simplified form. Bach is conservative in his adherence to the complex polyphonic texture, but progressive in his choice of modern forms, such as the concerto form of Vivaldi. Similarly, the organ style of Handel is clearly influenced by the idiom of the harpsichord as the opposite is true for Bach.Bach is related to the immediate future in his attitude because of modern day focus on instrumental music, while Handel is related to the past. On the other hand the melodic, homophonic figured bass chosen by Handel is more relevant to modern music than Bach's contrapuntal style. Thus both these composers are in some ways relevant to the past and in some other ways relevant to the future. The two great masters of the Baroque period were not beyond criticism.Bach was criticized because he was too intellectual and, paradoxically, because an excess of reason conflicted with the aesthetic precepts of the Age of Reas on. Handel was criticized for exceeding the conventional in the extras which he introduced into his orchestration to underline his dramatic appreciation of scene and situation. Whatever be the criticisms, it remains undeniable that these two masters of Baroque were outstanding in their natural talent. Though they belonged to the same place and same period and produced musical works of similar genre, they differed in their styles of expression.This difference actually was a major asset to these great masters who remained true to their inner beliefs. The honesty of expression combined with their outstanding talents has helped define baroque music.BibliographyDorak, Tevfik (2002). Handel and JS Bach. http://www. dorak. info/music/jsbgfh. htmlBukofzer MF. Music in the Baroque Era. WW Norton & Company Inc. NY, 1974, pp. 345-9.Krantz, Allen (2007). George Frideric Handel. http://www. classicalarchives. com/bios/handel_bio. html Landormy, Paul and Martens, H. Frederick (1927).A History of Music. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1927. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004a).Bach, Johann Sebastian. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2004 The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004b).Handel, George Frideric. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2004. Young, M. Percy. (1962).The Choral Tradition: An historical and analytical survey from the sixteenth century to the present day. W. W. Norton Publishing. New York 1962. Bekker, Paul (1927).The Story of Music: An Historical Sketch of the Changes in Musical Form. Translated by Alice Kortschak and Herter Norton. W. W. Norton and Company Inc. New York. 1927.

Constructivism in Learning and Teaching

Constructivism in Learning and Teaching Constructivism is a system of learning where the students do not just passively absorb information. Educational experts were concerned with what was going on in the mind of the student. There is active participation from the students. They are taught to relate the knowledge they are being given by the teachers and relating it to their experiences in life.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Constructivism in Learning and Teaching specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach in education is important as it teaches the students to be critical thinkers. They become active and motivated in the classroom. Students learn to construct their own understanding of the learning material or literature. The students become autonomous and independent thinkers. With this approach in learning the students learn to engage more in problem solving and stop being passive. The skill of problem-solving is important and even assists the st udent in his adult life. It is a skill for life and that is what education should be. The student develops in his mental processes. It is a process of discovery for the student as he experiments with ideas at problem solving and getting solutions for the issues in his environment. The theory of constructivism learning is based on several concepts. Learning for the student will depend on what he or she already knows or has experienced. In the area of literature, students are motivated to relate the story or characters to what they already know or what they have experienced. Secondly, learning should be about the students inventing ideas concerning the learning materials. It may involve students analysing their old ideas in light of the learning materials and changing their old news to conform to what they are learning. When a student encounters information that is contrary to their way of thinking, then he finds himself at a state of disequilibrium. The student therefore has to chang e or alter his way of thinking in order to attain equilibrium. The whole process therefore is about inventing ideas instead of the student just accumulating facts and information. It is therefore a student centred class where the teachers facilitate the process of students hypothesize, predict, pose questions, research and invent (Collins, 2008). Students look at the world under the influence of their experiences and social interactions. Whenever a new experience is encountered the student tends to analyse the old experiences and the new experience. The student therefore tends to really consider prior experiences. If this is the way that people behave, then the educational approach in the classroom should take advantage and use an approach that helps the student enjoy learning.Advertising Looking for article on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The teacher therefore is a facilitator who has to know the inter actions between the students and their external environments. The student is shown which interactions with his environment will provide an opportunity for growth and is actually healthy (Huang, 2002) The teacher in the constructivist classroom has to possess certain qualities. He should be highly flexible and creative as he interacts with the students. The teacher is trained on how different students use their own experiences, prior knowledge and experience to construct meaning. When it comes to literature, there can be no single interpretation of a piece of reading. There are several and different interpretations and all of them may be correct. The teacher’s interpretation is not always the only correct way of perception. At the end of the day, it is a highly democratic environment where the students and teachers are able to interact and participate in the learning process. References Collins, R. (2008). Enhanced Student Learning Through Applied Constructivist Theory. Transf ormative Dialogues: Teaching Learning Journal, 2(2). Web. Huang, H. (2002) Toward constructivism for adult learners in Online learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology.,33 (1)27-37. Web.

Definition and Examples of Enumeratio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Enumeratio in Rhetoric Enumeratio  is a  rhetorical term for the listing of details- a type of amplification and division. Also called enumeration  or  dinumeratio. In A History of Renaissance Rhetoric 1380-1620 (2011), Peter Mack defines enumeratio as a form of argumentation, in which all the possibilities are set out and all but one are eliminated. In classical rhetoric, enumeratio was considered part of the arrangement (dispositio) of a speech and was often included in the peroration (or closing part of an argument). Etymology From the Latin, counting up Examples and Observations Enumeratio in Speeches[W]hen we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men, and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!Enumeratio and Division[E]numeratio . . . partitions a subject into its adjuncts or features. If numbering of the parts is added to the division, labeling a first, second, and third item in a series, the figure is eutrepismus (Joseph 1947, 11-114). Division as an argumentative strategy . . . can be stretched across paragraphs or pages, but to be stylistically visible or figured, any of these divisions must produce either a list of words or phrases in a single sentence constituent or contiguous predictions in a short stretch of text.Enumeratio in an Essay by Jonathan Swift[A]mong such as deal in multitudes of words, none are comparable to the sober deliberate talker, who proceedeth with much thought and caution, maketh his preface, brancheth out into several digressions, findeth a hint that putteth him in mind of another story, which he promiseth to tell you when this is done; cometh back regularly to his subject, cannot readily call to mind some persons name, holding his head, complaineth of his memory; the whole company all this while in suspense; at length says, it is no matter, and so goes on. And, to crown the business, it perhaps proveth at last a story the company hath heard fifty times before; or, at best, some insipid adventure of the relater. Negative EnumerationHe believed he was a newspaper reporter, yet read no paper except The Mockingburg Record, and so managed to ignore terrorism, climatological change, collapsing governments, chemical spills, plagues, recession and failing banks, floating debris, the disintegrating ozone layer. Volcanoes, earthquakes and hurricanes, religious frauds, defective vehicles and scientific charlatans, mass murderers and serial killers, tidal waves of cancer, AIDS, deforestation, and exploding aircraft were as remote to him as braid catches, canions and rosette-embroidered garters. Scientific journals spewed reports of mutant viruses, of machines pumping life through the near-dead, of the discovery that the galaxies were streaming apocalyptically toward an invisible Great Attractor like flies into a vacuum cleaner nozzle. That was the stuff of others lives. He was waiting for his to begin. Pronunciation e-nu-me-RA-ti-o Sources Martin Luther King, Jr.,  I Have a Dream,  August 1963Jeanne Fahnestock,  Rhetorical Figures in Science. Oxford University Press, 1999Jonathan Swift,  Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation,  1713E. Annie Proulx,  The Shipping News. Simon Schuster, 1993)

Author Stephen Ambrose- Writing Style and Criticisms Research Paper

Author Stephen Ambrose- Writing Style and Criticisms - Research Paper Example The world cherishes his memories for the legacies he made in establishing the Eisenhower Center for American Studies at the University of New Orleans and as the founder of the National D-Day Museum, during the year 2000. Rather than spending time in libraries for his research, sifting through the pages of books, his style is to visit the historical places he writes about. His writing mainly contains the saga of war, narrating the stories of ordinary soldiers, which provides the present generation a clear understanding about the history of the times in the past. Career: The well renowned American historian, Stephen Edward Ambrose, was not introduced to the history department since the days of his childhood. Most people turn out to find their true passion only later in their lives. Ambrose realized his passion for history only when he attended his â€Å"first college-level class in American history† (Ambrose par. 1). His father worked as a town doctor before joining the navy dur ing the Second World War. Inspired and encouraged by his father’s heroism, Ambrose wanted to be a doctor just like him. Therefore, he enrolled in the University of Wisconsin as a pre-med student. But the history class awakened the dormant passion inside him and brought a complete change in his life and goals. He was keen on retelling the tales of American heroes who had so courageously fought for their country. After getting a doctorate in history, he started his teaching career in the University of New Orleans. He has been the author of around thirty books and has also edited a few books. He remained a teacher for thirty years and believed that â€Å"teaching and writing were two sides of the same coin† (Ambrose). In 1962, he made a breakthrough with his second book â€Å"Halleck, Lincoln’s Chief of Staff† which caught the attention of Dwight Eisenhower. The former president sanctioned Ambrose to his official biographer. He founded the National WWII Muse um, which â€Å"reflected his deep regard† for the soldiers and â€Å"workers on the Home Front† for their valiant act of enduring anguish till they emerged victorious (Ambrose). Along with this, he was also the founder of Eisenhower Center in New Orleans. Academic Positions: Throughout his thirty years of teaching, Ambrose has taught at various institutions other than University of New Orleans, which includes Louisiana State University, Johns Hopkins University, U.C Berkeley, Rutgers University and a few European schools as well. Ambrose was the Boyd professor of history in the University of New Orleans and after he retired from this position, he became Director Emeritus of the Eisenhower Center. He also contributed a lot being an â€Å"editor for the Quarterly Journal of Military History, a member of the board of directors for American Rivers, and a member of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Council Board† (Ambrose). Much as Ambrose was an author and a teacher , he was also a captivating speaker. He could speak to the audience in ways that kept them awe-inspiring notes. His knowledge of the past gave him an insight into the future, which he shared with everyone during

Antonio Gaudi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Antonio Gaudi - Research Paper Example Using modern decorative tools of ceramics, glass and color of the Art Nouveau school, he introduced innovative techniques in the processing of materials. By the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, Gaudi had secured his place as an architect beyond orthodox modernism, creating a personal style based on the observation of nature, using its geometric patterns as well as color, texture and structural and decorative allusions to emulate nature in architecture. Now, nearly one hundred and sixty years after his birth, and over seventy since his tragic death in a street accident, Gaudi has finally transcended his local fame as a Spanish icon and become internationally recognized as the prime architect of the modern city of Barcelona. His famed Sagrada Familia, a cathedral of enormous architectural and landmark proportions, is recognized not only as a design phenomenon of universal importance, but as a major contribution to modern ideas regarding religious architectu ral representation. While Gaudi’s work was initially met with incomprehension, mockery and outright hostility from both the professional architectural world and the populace of Barcelona, the passing of time and further scrutiny has been kinder. His work now is considered the prime example of nature combined with architecture in its purest, most original and spectacular forms. Evidence of this is replete in his major works. A Dedication to Natural Form Religiously dedicated to the extreme from childhood, plagued by rheumatic ailments from an early age, Gaudi, unable to play with other children, spent time observing the world around him and drawing what he saw. It was during this time that he developed his keen observation of the elements in nature destined to later influence his architectural designs. Somewhat of a mathematical genius, throughout his life Gaudi also studied nature's angles and curves and incorporated them into his designs and mosaics. Hyperboloids and parabol oids he borrowed from nature were easily reinforced by steel rods, allowing his designs to resemble elements from the environment. In Gaudi’s view, â€Å"Those who look for the laws of Nature as a support for their new works collaborate with the Creator.†1 Given this, and his religious bent coupled with a childhood spent ill, isolated and contemplative in the country, it is not surprising that Gaudi’s design sense would reflect his intense interrelationship with God and nature. The elements found in Gaudi’s nature-inspired work--sometimes alluded to as biomimetic, are obvious to the informed structural observer: catenary arches, spiral stairways, conoid-shaped roofs, and a new type of tree-inspired column that uses hyperbolic paraboloids as its base. Ornamental aspects have their own identifiers: honeycomb gates, vine-inspired frieze, diatom-shaped windows, gargoyles depicting animals displaced by the church’s construction, and pinnacles in the for m of grasses and pyrite crystals. Gaudi’s dedication to nature is always reflected in his insistence upon color, â€Å"as nature does not present us with any object that is monochrome or completely uniform in colour.†2 Following in that vein, the artist went well beyond color in his quest for the incorporation and refection of natural elements. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Gaudi for his models

The Age Gap Between Baby Boomers and Today's Youth Essay

The Age Gap Between Baby Boomers and Today's Youth - Essay Example Every generation has its own cultural values, their views which are tuned to the period they belong to. Both of these generations have to face many difficulties and undergo a lot of problems. Our topic of study is the age gap between baby boomers and the millennial generation. Each generation has its own attributes. There is a wide age gap or generation gap and so the conflicts are likely to occur between these two generations. The likings, tastes, values and attitude towards life, everything differ from the youth. Both generations, for our overall progress, can adopt things from each other. Our research is based on the two of generations, the baby boomers and the millennial generation or generation Y. The study will focus on how a good rapport can be maintained between baby boomers and millennial generation which is very important for building a society with a fine amalgamation of old values and modern values. Introduction Before starting our discussion on the topic let’s discuss about the concept â€Å"Generation Gap.† As Gerhard Falk and Ursula Falk mentioned in their book â€Å"Youth Culture and Generation Gap,† â€Å"The change in values from one generation to the next is called â€Å"The Generation Gap.† (Pg. 23, 2005) They further say â€Å"this not only involves education, occupation, and preferences for lines of action, but also family size, status Vietnam of women.†... To find out the problems arise due to the age gap. Try to find out the solutions which can be useful for individual growth and the growth of the nation. Hypotheses: The baby boomers are more strict and rigid and they are reluctant to adopt new things easily. The condition of baby boomers and young generation differ from country to country. Baby boomers are more stabilized, secured whereas the young generation is more depressed and living in a very uncertain era. The baby boomers used to be closed minded whereas the young generation is very open minded. Young generation is more technosavy than the baby boomers. Generation gap hampers the work culture. Literature Review The consequences of age gap between baby boomers and young generation differ from country to country. It depends upon the then state of affairs of the country in which the baby boomers were born. For example, the baby boomers in America in their young age were living a prosperous life. It was because the after World War II America was the country which had to bear a minimum loss unlike the European nations. But still the baby boomers of European countries and America were in much better condition. â€Å"In Europe and North America, boomers are widely associated with privilege, as many grew up in a time of affluence. As a group, they were the healthiest and wealthiest generation and amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time.† (2009). Consequently, it became the most powerful and affluent country in the world and thus started ruling over the world. This was the period when the baby boomers were living a very affluent life. On the contrary the situation in third world countries was totally different. For example in India the baby boomers

The Portrayal Of Female Characters In Films

The Portrayal Of Female Characters In Films Films have long been used as a tool to portray human imaginations and ideas that are sometimes deemed impossible in reality. The characters in films have had a huge impact, with regard to gender stereotype, on audiences of all ages (Neuendorf et. al., 2010). Though there have been debates of how female characters are being portrayed in films, from being submissive to hyper-sexualised and lately, adopting more dominant roles in films, has there really been a change in male characters in films instead (Gilpatric, 2010)? Have male characters in films adopt female traits like how the female characters have adopted manly traits? This paper looks into how the portrayals of male characters in films have changed or are changing and how they affect gender construction. The feminist movement has constantly fought for womens right and equality so as to place women on equal standing to men in the society. This revolution has since been translated onto the silver screens as films depict women playing prominent and dominant roles in films (Gilpatric, 2010; Neundorf et. al., 2010) which is a stark contrast to the past when women played a submissive and subservient roles to the male character. Furthermore, films mirror the changing nature of our society, expecting men to behave in accordance to societal expectations deconstructing the male stereotype. Thus, the increasing trend in films shifting away from portraying men as having the traditional masculine trait, reconstructing it to more what termed today as the New Age Men (NAM) has been a result of the increasing prominence and dominance of females in films and the evolving nature of the society. The NAM is thus seen as a fusion of having both the traditional traits of males and females, embracing both masculine and feminine traits. Here, masculinity is defined as having the size, physical strength, rejection to authority and the use of physical force (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001). Along with those masculine traits, the NAM are also expected to have traits like caring and being able to handle housework. The birth of the NAM has been heavily attributed to the rise of females in films and the changing nature of the society. Men today feel there is a need to differentiate themselves from females in films to assert their dominance in the industry and to reintegrate into the society, deconstructing the male stereotype. Female Characters in Films Today. Male characters in films are moving away from having masculine traits due to the rise of female prominence and dominance in the roles they play by adopting those masculine traits. Female characters like Lara Croft and Kill Bill highlights the point that traits like submissive and subservient are no longer being associated with female character. The casting of the Bond girl character is as equally important, receiving just as much attention as the casting of James Bond himself, and though a Bond film may lack the innovative gadget, never has there been a Bond film without a Bond girl (Neuendorf et. al., 2010). This accentuates that the womens roles are equally important to the Bond character. Men, who relate closely to Bond who usually portray masculine traits, view this as a challenge to their masculinity as the Bond character is dependent on the female character. The lack of innovative gadgets also portrays a crisis in masculinity since men regard these technologies as macho (Neuend orf et. al., 2010). This is further amplified with female characters playing main characters in films being created with complex and enthralling personalities relative to male characters who are rather one-dimensional and are of minor interest (Russell-Watts, 2010). Women are also selected to play roles previously played and deemed suitable for men. Though Lara Croft and Kill Bill props to mind, the Hamlet by William Shakespeare is another example. Despite Hamlet being a male character, women have been manifesting their interest to play the role and there has been an increasing trend of women getting selected to personify Hamlet (Howard, 2007). Moreover, the Hamlet is known to be involved in violence as portrayed by the character Alexandra Tranda, who parallels the happenings of Hamlet to the events occuring in her life and ends up killing her father (Howard, 2007). Violence is defined as any intentional infliction of physical pain or harm (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001) and has a positive correlation to masculinity (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001; Neuendorf et. al., 2010; Gilpatric, 2010) thus proving an increase in violence equates to in an increase in masculinity. Men feel the idea of a women hamlet as unhealthy and feel ashamed for a woman to take th e Hamlet role (Howard, 2007). This is an indication to men that women are challenging their masculinity and dominance in the film industry especially in roles crafted for men. The rise of females in films adopting a more masculine nature and playing characters deemed more suited for men resulted men to feel challenged in their masculinity and has since led to a crisis in it. Men feel there is a need to differentiate themselves from the female characters and assert their masculinity and dominance within the society, re-constructing the gender stereotype to create the NAM. The Dynamic Nature of the Society. Films impact audiences (Gilpatric, 2010) and may portray a reflection of the society. The dynamic nature of the society portrayed through films has been a contributing factor to the deconstruction of the male gender stereotype to form the NAM. Relative to the past, women today are generally more educated, enabling them to take up jobs also held by men (Buchbinder, 2008). Accelerated by the feminist movement, women today are equally as likely as men to be casted to play professional roles and jobs like doctors and lawyers (Gilpatric, 2010). There is an increase of female characters holding major roles from 12% in 1960 to 32% in 1990 (Neuendorf et. al., 2010) and female characters in films can be a true representation of their position in the society as 51% US workers who hold high-paying management and professional jobs are women (Gilpatric, 2010). Similarly, most young man today expects to go through at least three major career changes in his life (Buchbinder, 2008). Also, improvemen ts in the economy have enabled both women and men to spend on luxury items. Narcissistic concern with ones look and body, traditionally marked as feminine are being linked to men, making it harder to comply with the traditional masculinity trait of a man (Buchbinder, 2008). There has also been a shift in the portrayal of men in films today. In the past, men have always adopted the central figure but roles recently played by men and women in films have been blurred as the gap between masculinity and feminity. According to Breillat, There is no masculine psychology in my cinema. They contain only what women feel and desire. Therefore, men must not try to recognise themselves in my male characters (Russell-Watts, 2010, p. 72). This shows that men play secondary roles to women in todays films restricting them to relate to the traditional male masculinity. Moreover, men are also increasingly portrayed in films as the figure of the schlemiel. Schlemiel is a Yiddish word which means a foolish personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a social misfit (Buchbinder, 2008, p. 228) and is unable to meet the performance and attitudinal requirements of traditional masculinity (Buchbinder, 2008, p. 230). For instance, Bond girls have been known to play independent and intelligent roles eve n outwitting Bond himself in the latest Bond movie. Despite Bond films representing Bond as having a chauvinistic persona (Neuendorf et. al., 2010), this places Bond in the Schlemiel category of a foolish character causing men to view this as a crisis to their masculinity. These factors when combined has resulted men to lose its masculine traits and restricted them to conform to the traditional masculine traits deconstructing the traditional male stereotype and reconstruct the NAM to help them assimilate back into society and be of an equal standing or higher to the women. Stereotypes Still Prevails. Some might argue that despite the rising prominence and dominance of women, the subservient and submissive nature of womens portrayal still prevail while mens masculinity are still confined to the traditional stereotype. Women in films are still regarded as subservient and submissive as the dominance exerted is based on a maternal motif, creating a stereotype of mothers or wives to save her child or loved ones (Gilpatric, 2010). Moreover, the societal movement of feminism is lacking, as women in films today still report to a more dominant male character (Neuendorf et. al., 2010), acting as a sidekick to a male character and getting involved in a romantic relationship with them (Gilpatric, 2010). Male characters though may have less masculine traits as portrayed by Robert in the movie Romance, his masculinity is emphasised through his occupation, being the boss of the main female character (Russell-Watts, 2010). This proves that despite being portrayed as dominant character in films t oday, women still conform to the gender stereotype of the traditional feminine traits of reporting to a more dominant male character. Some may argue also that films may not be a true reflection of society hence the portrayal of men as less masculine are not true. Films portray women as successful only when they are thin and attractive (Neuendorf et. al., 2010) when in fact, success is judged based on merit and not only looks. Building on, by showcasing one man as less masculine in the form of the schlemiel figure, subtly it provides a foil for other male characters to stand out, bringing out the masculine traits in the other male characters, (Buchbinder, 2008) indicating that male characters in movies still conform to the male gender stereotype of masculinity. New Age Man is the New Man. Despite the portrayal of women as subservient and submissive, women are still just as likely as men to commit violent acts in films. Presently, women are more likely to show acts of aggression (Neundorf et. al., 2010) and masculinity levels in male and females have increased (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001). Though many may argue that the feminist movement may not have reached its promised desire, it cannot be regarded as a failure. Womens role in movies has since increased transcending the traditional feminine traits (Gilpatric, 2010). No longer women are being portrayed as one-dimensional who plays stereotypical female characters. Moreover, men today are unlikely to conform to the traditional form of masculinity although they may still hold superiority over the female characters as masculinity portrayed by men in films today is excessive in nature and something that men cannot relate to. The rugged masculinity shown through characters played by Mel Gibson, Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger is being described as a fantasy (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001). Men feels there is a need to form a new identity something that they can relate to and has slowly since give rise to the birth of the NAM. Though portraying men as less masculine or as the schlemiel figure helps to bring out the masculinity in other male characters (Buchbinder, 2008), this very need has proved that there is a decreasing trend in films, which showcase men as masculine. Conclusion. Films have evolved tremendously down the years and will continue to do so at such rapid rate. As womens roles in films continue to rise and take centre stage, male characters in films have since taken steps in the opposite direction, adopting lesser of the traditional masculine traits but instead adopt more feminine traits. This has not being helped by the changing nature of the society where women continue to rise in status at workplaces challenging men for jobs. The birth of the NAM has been heavily attributed to the rising dominance and prominence of female characters in films and also the changing nature of the society. As the world become more globalized, womens status in society is also expected to improve and NAM may well form a new stereotype for men in times to come. (1996 Words)